🏥 Disease Management

• The Condition in which all the organs and tissues in the system functions normally and harmoniously.
• Any change from normal state either to single or great extent is called disease stage. Health is fundamental for a sound enterprise.
• Most of the disease can be avoided by proper attention, sanitation, hygiene, nutrition and management practices.
• Once outbreak of disease complicated – strain – financial loss – dual – production expenditure on medicines.
• So the farmer – vigilant – day to day activities- to avoid or prevent spreading of disease and to have a check on financial loss.

General Precautions

• Strict hygiene and sanitation of animal houses.
• Adhere regular and routine ‘vaccination’ schedule
• Provide well ventilated and proper housing.
• Provide balanced nutritious diet.
• Avoid entry of outsiders within the farm-premises.
• Prevention is better than cure.
• Quarantine.
• Follow up of latest scientific know how and management practices.

Bacterial

Anthrax

• Anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis, a bacteria found in the environment in soil.

Symptoms:

• An abrupt fever and a period of excitement followed by depression, respiratory or cardiac distress, staggering, convulsions, and death.
• Peracute - death occurs within minutes.
• High temperature and splen is enlarged 10-15 times its normal size. Therefore also known as Splenic fever.
• Convolutions and collapsing before death.
• Often blood does not clot after death resulting in bloody discharge from anybody openings (rectum, mouth, nostrils, etc.)
• Often, the course of disease is so rapid that illness is not observed and animals are found dead, sudden death.
• Humans are also susceptible to this disease. Therefore also known as Wool sorters’ Disease or Ragpickers’ Disease.
• The transmission of disease from animal to human is known as Zoonosis.

Control:

• Annual vaccination: A live spore vaccine prepared from a virulent uncapsulated strain of B. anthracis dose 1 ml.
• Hygiene and sanitation for prevention and Careful disposal of infected material is most important.

👨🏻‍🎓 Also Watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AYBleZZmmHo

Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (HS)

• HS is bacterial disease spread by Pasteurella multocida bacteria.
• Fever with high temperature usually occurs during monsoon.
• Difficult breathing, Salivation and serious nasal discharge.
• Watery faeces dehydration, prostration (lying) and death.
• Vaccination once 1 year - before - rainy season.

Black Quarter (BQ)

• The characteristic crepitant swellings in hind and fore quarters muscles which crackles when rubbed due to gas accumulation in the muscle and which causes lameness.
• When pressed, a crackling sound is heard because of the gas accumulation in the swellings.

Brucellosis (Contagious Abortion)

• Abortion of pregnant animal.
• 30 to 60 days incubation period.

Mastitis

• Mastitis causes a persistant inflammation of the udders.
• The clear sign of mastitis is inflammation of the udder that turns into a red and hard mass.

👨🏻‍🎓 Also Watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HBFMfbMPl3s

Calf Scours

• Watery stools that may be brown, grey, green, yellow in colour.
• Calves are often weak and depressed, and may lose their desire to nurse.
• Calves develop a sunken-eyed appearance as a result of dehydration

Bovine Tuberculosis (bTB)

• Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium bovis.
• Dry cough followed by wet cough is the major symptom.

Viral

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)

• Symptoms:
  • A severe, highly contagious viral disease of livestock that has a significant economic impact.
  • Incubation period is 6-7 days.
  • High fever up to 104-106°F (41°C) and anorexia.
  • Profuse salivation (saliva hanging in long ropy strings up to the ground).
  • Animal stamps its feet and wounds in the interdigital space of legs followed by lameness.
  • Oral ulcers and lesions.
  • Smacking of lips.
  • Vesicles in the mammary gland.
• Treatment:
  • No treatment but it can be controlled.
  • External application of anti septics contributes to the healing of ulcers and wards off attracts by flies.
  • Antibiotics may be administered to counter bacterial infections.
  • Prevention can be done thorough disinfection of shed, utensils, clothes of attendants.
  • Vaccine: FMD vaccines is given at an interval of 6-months.

👨🏻‍🎓 Also Watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=My3fzEgiBRw

Rinderpest

• Rinderpest is most destructive of the virus disease.
• Infected animals suffered from symptoms such as fever, wounds in the mouth, diarrhoea, discharge from the nose and eyes, and eventually death.

  

• 3 Ds of Rinderpest
  1. Diarrhoea
  2. Discharge
  3. Death
• Prevention and Control
  • Segregation of affected animal.
  • Disinfection of shed.
  • Vaccine: TCRV (Tissue Culture Rinderpest Vaccine), GTV (Goat Tissue Vaccine)
  • Vaccine for Rinderpest was formulated by IVRI.
  • Test to identify: ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)

Lumpy Skin Disease

• Lumpy skin disease is caused by the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), a member of the Capripoxvirus (CaPV).
• Usually, high milk-producing, thin-skinned European cattle breeds are more susceptible to the disease compared to indigenous breeds.
• The characteristic symptom is nodules develop on the skin, nasal discharge and high fever.
• Vaccine: Lumpi-Pro VacInd – jointly developed by NRC Equines at Hisar, Haryana and the IVRI, Izatnagar, UP — is a live attenuated vaccine.

Bluetongue Disease

• Insect-borne, viral disease.
• It is a non-contagious disease which is spread by biting insects.

Protozoan

Surra (Trypanosomiasis)

• An important disease of cattle and buffalo caused by protozoa.
• Transmitted mechanically by biting flies.
• Cattle and buffalo also are reservoir hosts to horses and camels.
• There is severe loss of productivity due to anaemia.
• Animals under stress are more susceptible to the disease.
• The incubation period after infection is approximately 5 to 30 days.

Metabolic Disorders

Partutient paresis (Milk Fever)

• Partutient paresis is a metabolic disease in cows occurs soon after calving caused due to fall in calcium levels (Hypocalcaemia). There is actually no fever.
• Occurs usually within 72 hours of calving.
• Complete milking during the first 48 hours of calving may precipitate milk fever in some cases.
• To avoid this do not fully empty the uder after calving.

Ketosis/ Acetonemia

• Disturbance in carbohydrate metabolism.

Bloat (tympany)

• Characterised by an accumulation of gas in the stomach.
• Disorder of ruminant animals involving distention of the rumen.
• Sevear bloat is removed by Trocar cannula.

  

Degnala disease

• It is a common infection, affecting cattle & buffaloes in Indian subcontinent.
• This is due to deficiency of Selenium.
• It occurs in animal, when they are exclusively feed on paddy straw get wet during the maturing stage on plant in field or during threshing period & stored without proper drying.

Vaccination for Cattles

- G.C. Banerjee: A Textbook of Animal Husbandry
- https://www.dairyknowledge.in
- https://buffalopedianew.cirb.res.in/godavari/
- https://nbagr.icar.gov.in/
- https://www.nddb.coop/
- Wikipedia