🤝 Root Words — Society, Unity & People
Master vocabulary through root words related to gathering, community, governing, joining, building, equality, and population — with examples, memory tips, and quick recall.
Root Words: Society, Unity & People
This lesson covers roots related to society, communities, equality, joining, breaking apart, and people. These words are essential for understanding passages about governance, social issues, and human relationships.
💡 Strategy: Words about society and unity appear frequently in passages about economics, governance, and current affairs. Master these 12 roots to handle any "social" reading comprehension!
01. GREG = Flock, Group, Herd 🐑
🧠 Memory Hook: Congregate = to flock together in a group. A "gregarious" person loves being in a group. GREG = herd/group.
Gregarious
Meaning: Fond of company; sociable and outgoing.
📝 "The gregarious sales manager was always the life of every office party."
Synonyms: Sociable, Outgoing, Fun-loving, Affable, Friendly, Extroverted Antonyms: Unsociable, Introverted, Withdrawn
🧠 Memory Tip: GREG (flock) + ARIOUS = loves being in a flock of people → sociable and outgoing.
Congregation
Meaning: A group of people assembled for religious worship; a gathering.
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Root Words: Society, Unity & People
This lesson covers roots related to society, communities, equality, joining, breaking apart, and people. These words are essential for understanding passages about governance, social issues, and human relationships.
💡 Strategy: Words about society and unity appear frequently in passages about economics, governance, and current affairs. Master these 12 roots to handle any "social" reading comprehension!
01. GREG = Flock, Group, Herd 🐑
🧠 Memory Hook: Congregate = to flock together in a group. A "gregarious" person loves being in a group. GREG = herd/group.
Gregarious
Meaning: Fond of company; sociable and outgoing.
📝 "The gregarious sales manager was always the life of every office party."
Synonyms: Sociable, Outgoing, Fun-loving, Affable, Friendly, Extroverted Antonyms: Unsociable, Introverted, Withdrawn
🧠 Memory Tip: GREG (flock) + ARIOUS = loves being in a flock of people → sociable and outgoing.
Congregation
Meaning: A group of people assembled for religious worship; a gathering.
📝 "The congregation listened in silence as the priest delivered his Sunday sermon."
Synonyms: Assembly, Gathering, Flock, Assemblage
🧠 Memory Tip: CON (together) + GREG (flock) + ATION = a flock gathered together → an assembly of people.
Segregate
Meaning: To set apart from the rest or from each other; to separate based on race, class, or category.
📝 "Waste should be segregated into biodegradable and non-biodegradable categories at the source."
Synonyms: Separate, Isolate, Set apart, Discriminate, Partition Antonyms: Integrate, Amalgamate
🧠 Memory Tip: SE (apart) + GREG (group) + ATE = to move apart from the group → to separate. Think: segregation = forcing groups apart.
Aggregate
Meaning: A whole formed by combining several elements; total.
📝 "The aggregate rainfall this monsoon season was 15% below the long-term average."
Synonyms: Total, Complete, Whole, Combined, Collective
🧠 Memory Tip: AG (toward) + GREG (gather) + ATE = gathered toward each other and combined → a total sum.
Egregious
Meaning: Outstandingly bad; shockingly terrible.
📝 "The auditor found egregious errors in the company's financial statements."
Synonyms: Outrageous, Shocking, Appalling, Monstrous, Atrocious, Glaring Antonyms: Minor, Insignificant
🧠 Memory Tip: E (out of) + GREG (the flock) + IOUS = standing out of the flock for being SO bad → shockingly terrible. Originally "standing out" was good, but now it means standing out as the worst!
⚡ Quick Recall — GREG (Flock/Group)
- Gregarious → Sociable, loves groups
- Congregation → Assembly of people
- Segregate → Separate from the group
- Aggregate → Total, combined whole
- Egregious → Shockingly bad (stands out)
02. FED / FEDER / FID = Faith, Trust 🤝
🧠 Memory Hook: Federal = a system based on trust between states. Fidelity = faithfulness. FID = faith.
Federal
Meaning: Relating to a system of government in which states are united under a central authority while retaining some independence.
📝 "India has a federal structure where both the Centre and states share legislative powers."
🧠 Memory Tip: FEDER (faith/trust) + AL = a system built on trust between member states and a central government.
Confederation
Meaning: An alliance of groups or states for a common purpose; a loose union.
📝 "The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) represents thousands of businesses across the country."
Synonyms: Alliance, Union, Association, League, Federation
🧠 Memory Tip: CON (together) + FEDER (trust/faith) + ATION = groups joined in trust together → an alliance.
Fidelity
Meaning: Faithfulness to a person, cause, or belief; the degree of accuracy of reproduction.
📝 "The soldier's fidelity to his regiment was unwavering even under the most dangerous conditions."
Synonyms: Loyalty, Faithfulness, Allegiance, Devotion Antonyms: Infidelity, Disloyalty, Treachery
🧠 Memory Tip: FID (faith) + ELITY = the quality of having faith → loyalty and faithfulness.
Infidel
Meaning: A person who does not believe in a particular religion; one who holds no religious faith.
📝 "During the Crusades, each side branded the other as infidels."
Synonyms: Non-believer, Disbeliever, Heretic
🧠 Memory Tip: IN (not) + FID (faith) + EL = one with no faith → a non-believer.
Perfidy
Meaning: Deliberate breach of faith or trust; treachery and betrayal.
📝 "The general's perfidy — secretly aiding the enemy — was discovered through intercepted communications."
Synonyms: Treachery, Deceitfulness, Dishonesty, Betrayal, Infidelity
🧠 Memory Tip: PER (through/completely) + FID (faith) + Y = to break through someone's faith → treachery and betrayal.
Confide
Meaning: To tell someone about a secret or private matter, trusting them not to repeat it.
📝 "She confided in her best friend about the challenges she was facing at work."
Synonyms: Trust, Share, Disclose, Reveal
🧠 Memory Tip: CON (with) + FID (trust) + E = to share something with trust → to reveal a secret.
Confident
Meaning: Feeling or showing certainty about something; self-assured.
📝 "After months of preparation, she felt confident about clearing the banking examination."
Synonyms: Self-assured, Positive, Certain, Assured, Bold Antonyms: Diffident, Unsure
🧠 Memory Tip: CON (with) + FID (faith) + ENT = having faith within yourself → self-assured.
Diffident
Meaning: Modest and shy; lacking self-confidence.
📝 "The diffident scholar refused the spotlight, preferring to let her research speak for itself."
Synonyms: Shy, Bashful, Modest, Unassuming, Self-effacing Antonyms: Confident, Bold
🧠 Memory Tip: DIF (not) + FID (faith) + ENT = not having faith in oneself → shy and lacking confidence. The opposite of confident!
⚡ Quick Recall — FID (Faith/Trust)
- Federal → Government based on trust
- Confederation → Alliance of groups
- Fidelity → Faithfulness, loyalty
- Infidel → Non-believer
- Perfidy → Treachery, betrayal
- Confide → Share with trust
- Confident → Self-assured (faith in self)
- Diffident → Shy (no faith in self)
03. POLIS / POLIT = City, State, Government 🏛️
🧠 Memory Hook: A politician governs a state/city. Polis in Greek = city. Metropolis = a large city.
Polity
Meaning: A form of government or organized society; a state.
📝 "India is the world's largest democratic polity with a complex multi-tiered governance structure."
Synonyms: Political entity, State, Nation, Government
🧠 Memory Tip: POLIT (state) + Y = an organized state or government structure.
Metropolitan
Meaning: Relating to a large, important city; urban.
📝 "Metropolitan cities like Mumbai and Delhi account for a significant share of India's GDP."
Synonyms: Urban, City, Cosmopolitan
🧠 Memory Tip: METRO (mother) + POLIT (city) + AN = the "mother city" → a large urban centre.
Cosmopolitan
Meaning: Familiar with and at ease in many different countries and cultures; international.
📝 "Bengaluru's cosmopolitan character attracts talent from across the globe."
Synonyms: Worldly, International, Multicultural Antonyms: Parochial, Provincial
🧠 Memory Tip: COSMO (world) + POLIT (city) + AN = a citizen of the world-city → worldly and cultured.
⚡ Quick Recall — POLIS (City/State)
- Polity → Form of government
- Metropolitan → Of a major city
- Cosmopolitan → Worldly, international
04. DEM / DEMO = People 👥
🧠 Memory Hook: Democracy = government by the people. A demographic = data about people. DEM = people.
Democracy
Meaning: Government by the people; a system where citizens exercise power by voting.
📝 "India's democracy ensures that every citizen above 18 has the right to vote."
🧠 Memory Tip: DEMO (people) + CRACY (rule) = rule by the people.
Demography
Meaning: The statistical study of populations, including birth rates, death rates, and migration.
📝 "India's demography — with over 65% of its population under 35 — presents both opportunities and challenges."
🧠 Memory Tip: DEMO (people) + GRAPHY (writing/study) = the study of people data → population statistics.
Epidemic
Meaning: A widespread occurrence of a disease in a community at a particular time.
📝 "The malaria epidemic affected over 50,000 people in the eastern districts last monsoon."
Synonyms: Outbreak, Plague, Pandemic (when global)
🧠 Memory Tip: EPI (upon/among) + DEM (people) + IC = a disease that falls upon the people → a widespread outbreak.
Pandemic
Meaning: An epidemic that has spread over an entire country or the world.
📝 "The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted economies and education systems across every continent."
🧠 Memory Tip: PAN (all) + DEM (people) + IC = affecting all people everywhere → a global epidemic.
Endemic
Meaning: Regularly found among particular people or in a certain area; native.
📝 "Malaria is endemic to tropical regions where standing water provides breeding grounds for mosquitoes."
🧠 Memory Tip: EN (in) + DEM (people) + IC = found in a specific people or place → native to an area. Think: epidemic spreads broadly; endemic stays in one area.
⚡ Quick Recall — DEM (People)
- Democracy → Rule by the people
- Demography → Study of populations
- Epidemic → Disease upon people (widespread)
- Pandemic → Disease upon ALL people (global)
- Endemic → Native to a specific region
05. JUNC / JOIN / JUG = Join, Unite 🔗
🧠 Memory Hook: Join and junction are from the same root. A junction is where roads join. JUNC = to join.
Junction
Meaning: A point where two or more things meet or are joined; an intersection.
📝 "The new flyover at the busy junction has reduced traffic congestion significantly."
Synonyms: Intersection, Crossing, Joint, Connection, Union
🧠 Memory Tip: JUNC (join) + TION = a point where things join → an intersection.
Conjunction
Meaning: A combination or joining of things; a word used to connect clauses (and, but, or).
📝 "The success was achieved through a conjunction of hard work, timing, and good fortune."
Synonyms: Combination, Union, Association
🧠 Memory Tip: CON (together) + JUNC (join) + TION = joined together → a combination.
Disjunction
Meaning: A disconnection or separation; a lack of correspondence between things.
📝 "There is a glaring disjunction between the government's promises and its actual policies."
Synonyms: Separation, Disconnection, Gap, Divergence
🧠 Memory Tip: DIS (apart) + JUNC (join) + TION = un-joined/apart → a disconnect.
Adjunct
Meaning: A thing added to something else as a supplementary rather than essential part.
📝 "Technology should be an adjunct to traditional teaching methods, not a replacement."
Synonyms: Supplement, Addition, Accessory, Attachment
🧠 Memory Tip: AD (to) + JUNCT (join) = something joined to the main thing → a supplementary addition.
Subjugate
Meaning: To bring under control or domination; to conquer.
📝 "Colonial powers attempted to subjugate indigenous populations through economic exploitation."
Synonyms: Conquer, Enslave, Subordinate, Dominate
🧠 Memory Tip: SUB (under) + JUG (yoke/join) + ATE = to put under a yoke → to conquer and control.
⚡ Quick Recall — JUNC (Join)
- Junction → Where things join (intersection)
- Conjunction → Combination (joined together)
- Disjunction → Disconnection (un-joined)
- Adjunct → Supplementary addition
- Subjugate → Conquer (put under a yoke)
06. RUPT = Break 💥
🧠 Memory Hook: An eruption breaks through the surface. Rupture = to break open. RUPT = break.
Rupture
Meaning: To break or burst suddenly; a breach or breaking apart.
📝 "The rupture of the old pipeline caused massive flooding in the residential area."
Synonyms: Fracture, Break, Crack, Fissure, Tear, Burst
🧠 Memory Tip: RUPT (break) + URE = a breaking → a sudden burst or fracture.
Disrupt
Meaning: To interrupt the progress of something; to throw into disorder.
📝 "Social media has disrupted traditional advertising models across every industry."
Synonyms: Disturb, Interrupt, Dislocate, Overturn
🧠 Memory Tip: DIS (apart) + RUPT (break) = to break apart the normal flow → to interrupt.
Abrupt
Meaning: Sudden and unexpected; brief and unfriendly in speech or manner.
📝 "The abrupt cancellation of the training programme left employees confused."
Synonyms: Sudden, Unexpected, Hasty, Quick, Blunt, Curt Antonyms: Gradual, Gentle
🧠 Memory Tip: AB (off/away) + RUPT (break) = breaking off suddenly → sudden and unexpected.
Corrupt
Meaning: Acting dishonestly for personal gain; morally degenerate.
📝 "The corrupt official was arrested for accepting bribes in exchange for government contracts."
Synonyms: Dishonest, Unscrupulous, Fraudulent, Venal
🧠 Memory Tip: COR (thoroughly) + RUPT (broken) = thoroughly broken in morals → dishonest.
Bankrupt
Meaning: Declared legally unable to pay debts; financially ruined.
📝 "The company went bankrupt after failing to repay its enormous loans."
Synonyms: Insolvent, Impoverished, Ruined
🧠 Memory Tip: BANK + RUPT (broken) = the bank is broken → financially ruined. (Literally comes from Italian "banca rotta" = broken bank.)
Erupt
Meaning: To burst out suddenly and violently; to explode.
📝 "The volcano erupted without warning, forcing the evacuation of 10,000 villagers."
Synonyms: Explode, Burst out, Break out, Blow up
🧠 Memory Tip: E (out) + RUPT (break) = to break out → to burst forth violently.
⚡ Quick Recall — RUPT (Break)
- Rupture → Break/burst
- Disrupt → Interrupt, break apart
- Abrupt → Sudden, breaking off
- Corrupt → Morally broken
- Bankrupt → Financially broken
- Erupt → Break out violently
07. EQUI = Equal, Even ⚖️
🧠 Memory Hook: Equivalent = equal in value. Equilibrium = equal balance. EQUI = equal.
Equilibrium
Meaning: A state of equal balance; a calm, balanced state of mind.
📝 "The economy is struggling to find an equilibrium between growth and inflation control."
Synonyms: Balance, Stability, Equipoise, Poise, Symmetry Antonyms: Imbalance
🧠 Memory Tip: EQUI (equal) + LIBR (balance) + IUM = equal balance → a state of stability.
Equitable
Meaning: Fair and impartial; treating everyone with equal justice.
📝 "The new policy aims to ensure equitable distribution of credit to all sections of farmers."
Synonyms: Fair, Just, Impartial, Unbiased, Even-handed Antonyms: Inequitable, Unfair, Biased
🧠 Memory Tip: EQUI (equal) + TABLE = treating everyone at the same table → fair and just.
Equanimity
Meaning: Calmness and composure, especially in a difficult situation; mental evenness.
📝 "The veteran teacher handled the classroom chaos with remarkable equanimity."
Synonyms: Composure, Calm, Poise, Self-possession, Sang-froid
🧠 Memory Tip: EQUI (equal) + ANIM (mind/spirit) + ITY = keeping your mind equal/level → staying calm under pressure.
Equity
Meaning: The quality of being fair and impartial; the value of shares owned in a company.
📝 "The bank's equity capital was strengthened to meet the new regulatory requirements."
Synonyms: Fairness, Justice, Impartiality / Shares, Ownership value
🧠 Memory Tip: EQUI (equal) + TY = the state of being equal → fairness, or actual ownership value (your "equal share").
⚡ Quick Recall — EQUI (Equal)
- Equilibrium → Equal balance
- Equitable → Fair, just
- Equanimity → Calm composure (level mind)
- Equity → Fairness; ownership value
08. SOL = Alone, Single 🧍
🧠 Memory Hook: Solo = doing something alone. Solitary = being single and isolated. SOL = alone.
Solitary
Meaning: Done or existing alone; single and isolated.
📝 "The solitary farmer worked his five-acre plot without any hired help."
Synonyms: Lone, Single, Sole, Isolated, Remote Antonyms: Sociable
🧠 Memory Tip: SOL (alone) + ITARY = being alone → isolated and single.
Solitude
Meaning: The state of being alone, especially when finding it pleasant.
📝 "After the hectic week, she sought solitude in the hills to recharge her mind."
Synonyms: Loneliness, Seclusion, Isolation, Retirement Antonyms: Company
🧠 Memory Tip: SOL (alone) + ITUDE = the state of being alone → peaceful isolation.
Sole
Meaning: One and only; single; not shared with anyone.
📝 "She was the sole owner of the ancestral property after her siblings relinquished their claims."
Synonyms: Only, Exclusive, Single, Individual, Lone
🧠 Memory Tip: SOL (alone) + E = the only one → singular and exclusive.
Desolate
Meaning: Empty and bleak; feeling extremely sad and lonely.
📝 "The drought left the once-fertile farmland looking desolate and barren."
Synonyms: Bleak, Deserted, Uninhabited, Forsaken, Wretched Antonyms: Populated, Cheerful
🧠 Memory Tip: DE (completely) + SOL (alone) + ATE = completely alone and empty → desolate and barren.
⚡ Quick Recall — SOL (Alone)
- Solitary → Single, isolated
- Solitude → Peaceful aloneness
- Sole → The only one
- Desolate → Completely empty and bleak
09. ALTER / HETERO = Other, Different 🔀
🧠 Memory Hook: Alter = other. An alternative is the other option. ALTER = other.
Altruistic
Meaning: Showing unselfish concern for the welfare of others; selfless.
📝 "Her altruistic work with orphanages and old-age homes earned her a national award."
Synonyms: Selfless, Unselfish, Philanthropic, Charitable, Humanitarian Antonyms: Selfish, Egoistic
🧠 Memory Tip: ALTR (other) + UISTIC = caring about others → selfless. The opposite of egoistic (self-focused).
Alternative
Meaning: One of two or more available possibilities; a different option.
📝 "Organic farming offers a sustainable alternative to chemical-dependent agriculture."
Synonyms: Option, Choice, Possibility, Substitute
🧠 Memory Tip: ALTER (other) + NATIVE = the other option → a different possibility.
Altercation
Meaning: A noisy argument or disagreement.
📝 "An altercation broke out between two customers over the last available parking spot."
Synonyms: Argument, Quarrel, Dispute, Row, Squabble, Clash
🧠 Memory Tip: ALTER (other) + CATION = when two sides clash because each thinks the other is wrong → a heated argument.
Heterogeneous
Meaning: Diverse in character or content; composed of different kinds.
📝 "India's population is highly heterogeneous, encompassing hundreds of languages and cultures."
Synonyms: Diverse, Mixed, Varied, Assorted Antonyms: Homogeneous (same kind)
🧠 Memory Tip: HETERO (other/different) + GENE (kind) + OUS = made of different kinds → diverse. Opposite: homogeneous = made of the same kind.
⚡ Quick Recall — ALTER (Other)
- Altruistic → Caring about others (selfless)
- Alternative → The other option
- Altercation → Noisy argument
- Heterogeneous → Diverse, mixed
10. ANTHROP = Human, Mankind 👤
🧠 Memory Hook: Anthropology = the study of humans. Philanthropy = love of humanity. ANTHROP = human.
Anthropology
Meaning: The study of human societies, cultures, and their development.
📝 "Anthropology students spent two months living with tribal communities to study their traditions."
🧠 Memory Tip: ANTHROP (human) + OLOGY (study) = the study of humans → understanding societies and cultures.
Misanthrope
Meaning: A person who dislikes humankind and avoids human society.
📝 "The reclusive writer was often called a misanthrope, but his novels showed deep empathy for human suffering."
Synonyms: Cynic, Hater of mankind Antonyms: Philanthropist
🧠 Memory Tip: MIS (hate) + ANTHROP (human) + E = one who hates humans → a social recluse. Opposite: philanthropist (loves humans).
Philanthropy
Meaning: The desire to promote the welfare of others, especially through generous donations.
📝 "Corporate philanthropy in India has grown significantly since the CSR mandate was introduced."
Synonyms: Charity, Generosity, Benevolence, Humanitarianism
🧠 Memory Tip: PHIL (love) + ANTHROP (human) + Y = love of humans → charitable giving.
⚡ Quick Recall — ANTHROP (Human)
- Anthropology → Study of human societies
- Misanthrope → Hater of humanity
- Philanthropy → Love of humanity (charity)
11. MONO / UNI = One, Single 1️⃣
🧠 Memory Hook: Monologue = one person speaking. Uniform = one form for everyone. MONO/UNI = one.
Monotonous
Meaning: Dull, tedious, and repetitive; lacking in variety.
📝 "The monotonous lecture, delivered in the same flat voice for two hours, put half the class to sleep."
Synonyms: Tedious, Dreary, Repetitive, Dull, Boring, Tiresome, Humdrum Antonyms: Varied, Interesting
🧠 Memory Tip: MONO (one) + TON (tone) + OUS = in one tone → same sound over and over → boring.
Monologue
Meaning: A long speech by one person, especially in a play or conversation.
📝 "The actor delivered a powerful monologue about the struggles of a common farmer."
Synonyms: Soliloquy, Speech, Lecture, Sermon Antonyms: Dialogue
🧠 Memory Tip: MONO (one) + LOGUE (speak) = one person speaking → a solo speech.
Unanimous
Meaning: Fully in agreement; with everyone sharing the same opinion.
📝 "The committee gave its unanimous approval to the new environmental protection policy."
Synonyms: United, In accord, Of one mind, Like-minded Antonyms: Divided, Split
🧠 Memory Tip: UNI (one) + ANIM (mind) + OUS = of one mind → everyone agrees.
Uniform
Meaning: Remaining the same in all cases; not changing in form or character; standardized clothing.
📝 "The policy ensures uniform pricing across all branches of the bank."
Synonyms: Consistent, Standard, Even, Regular, Fixed Antonyms: Variable, Different
🧠 Memory Tip: UNI (one) + FORM = one form → the same across the board.
Unique
Meaning: Being the only one of its kind; unlike anything else.
📝 "Every fingerprint is unique — no two people in the world have the same pattern."
Synonyms: Distinctive, One of a kind, Original, Singular, Incomparable
🧠 Memory Tip: UNI (one) + QUE = the one and only → truly one of a kind.
⚡ Quick Recall — MONO / UNI (One)
- Monotonous → One-tone, boring
- Monologue → One person speaking
- Unanimous → One mind (all agree)
- Uniform → One form (same for all)
- Unique → One of a kind
12. MULTI / POLY = Many 🔢
🧠 Memory Hook: Multiple = many. Polygon = shape with many sides. MULTI/POLY = many.
Multifaceted
Meaning: Having many different aspects or features; complex.
📝 "Poverty is a multifaceted problem that requires solutions in education, healthcare, and employment."
Synonyms: Complex, Versatile, Diverse, Many-sided
🧠 Memory Tip: MULTI (many) + FACET (face/side) + ED = having many faces/sides → complex.
Multilateral
Meaning: Involving three or more parties, nations, or sides.
📝 "India supports multilateral trade agreements that benefit developing nations."
Synonyms: Multi-party, International Antonyms: Unilateral, Bilateral
🧠 Memory Tip: MULTI (many) + LATERAL (side) = many-sided → involving multiple parties.
Polyglot
Meaning: A person who knows and can use several languages; speaking many languages.
📝 "The polyglot diplomat could converse fluently in five languages — Hindi, English, French, Mandarin, and Arabic."
Synonyms: Multilingual, Linguist
🧠 Memory Tip: POLY (many) + GLOT (tongue/language) = many tongues → speaking multiple languages.
⚡ Quick Recall — MULTI / POLY (Many)
- Multifaceted → Many sides, complex
- Multilateral → Many parties involved
- Polyglot → Speaks many languages
🎓 Lesson Complete! You've mastered 12 roots and ~50 words related to society, unity, and people. These words are critical for understanding political, social, and economic passages. Revise using the Quick Recall boxes!
Summary Cheat Sheet
| Concept / Topic | Key Details / Explanation |
|---|---|
| GREG = Flock / Group | Root meaning: herd, assembly |
| Gregarious | Sociable, loves company — ≠ introverted |
| Segregate | Separate from the group (SE = apart) |
| Aggregate | Combined total (AG = toward + GREG = gather) |
| Egregious | Shockingly bad; stands out from the flock for being worst |
| FID = Faith / Trust | Root meaning: loyalty, belief |
| Fidelity | Faithfulness, loyalty — ≠ infidelity |
| Perfidy | Deliberate betrayal; treachery (PER = through/break) |
| Confident ↔ Diffident | Self-assured (faith in self) vs. shy (no faith in self) |
| Confide | Share a secret with trust |
| POLIS / POLIT = City / State | Root meaning: governance, urban |
| Polity | An organized state or form of government |
| Metropolitan | Of a major city (METRO = mother city) |
| Cosmopolitan | Citizen of the world; multicultural |
| DEM / DEMO = People | Root meaning: population, public |
| Democracy | Rule by the people |
| Demography | Statistical study of populations |
| Epidemic | Disease upon people (EPI = upon) |
| Pandemic | Disease upon ALL people — global |
| Endemic | Native to a specific region/group — stays local |
| JUNC / JOIN = Join | Root meaning: unite, connect |
| Junction | Where things meet/join; intersection |
| Disjunction | Disconnection, a gap between things |
| Adjunct | Supplementary addition (not the main element) |
| Subjugate | Conquer; put under a yoke of control |
| RUPT = Break | Root meaning: burst, fracture |
| Disrupt | Break apart normal flow; interrupt |
| Abrupt | Sudden and unexpected (breaking off) |
| Corrupt | Thoroughly broken in morals |
| Bankrupt | Financially broken (from "banca rotta" = broken bank) |
| EQUI = Equal | Root meaning: balance, fairness |
| Equilibrium | State of equal balance |
| Equitable | Fair and impartial; just |
| Equanimity | Mental calmness; keeping the mind level under pressure |
| Equity | Fairness; OR share ownership value |
| SOL = Alone | Root meaning: single, isolated |
| Solitary | Single, isolated |
| Desolate | Completely empty and bleak (DE = completely alone) |
| ALTER / HETERO = Other | Root meaning: different |
| Altruistic | Caring for others; selfless — ≠ egoistic |
| Altercation | Noisy argument (two sides think the OTHER is wrong) |
| Heterogeneous | Diverse, of different kinds — ≠ homogeneous |
| ANTHROP = Human | Root meaning: mankind |
| Misanthrope | Hates humanity (MIS = hate) — ≠ philanthropist |
| Philanthropy | Love of humanity; charitable giving |
| MONO / UNI = One | Root meaning: single, uniform |
| Monotonous | One-tone; dull and repetitive |
| Unanimous | Of one mind; all agree |
| MULTI / POLY = Many | Root meaning: multiple |
| Multilateral | Many parties involved — ≠ unilateral / bilateral |
| Polyglot | Speaks many languages |
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