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🔉 AV Aids
Learn about classification of Audio-Visual Aids. 🎛
Which of the following is a projected method of communication?
Audio-Visual Aids/Materials
- AV aids are instructional devices which are used to communicate message more effectively through sound and visuals. They enhance the clarity, interest, and retention of the message being communicated, making them indispensable tools for extension workers.
- While preparing the AV aids, the extension personnel must give more importance to personality of the farmer. The materials should be designed keeping the audience's background, literacy level, and familiarity with the subject in mind.
- COIK fallacy (Edger Dale, 1965): Avoid the COIK Fallacy (Clear Only if Known). It is the assumption that what is clear to the expert demonstrator is also clearly know to the person for whom the message is intended. It is one of the important limitation of the use of AV aids. This is a critical reminder that extension workers must never assume the audience understands technical content just because the presenter does.
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Which of the following is a projected method of communication?
Audio-Visual Aids/Materials
- AV aids are instructional devices which are used to communicate message more effectively through sound and visuals. They enhance the clarity, interest, and retention of the message being communicated, making them indispensable tools for extension workers.
- While preparing the AV aids, the extension personnel must give more importance to personality of the farmer. The materials should be designed keeping the audience's background, literacy level, and familiarity with the subject in mind.
- COIK fallacy (Edger Dale, 1965): Avoid the COIK Fallacy (Clear Only if Known). It is the assumption that what is clear to the expert demonstrator is also clearly know to the person for whom the message is intended. It is one of the important limitation of the use of AV aids. This is a critical reminder that extension workers must never assume the audience understands technical content just because the presenter does.
WARNING
The COIK Fallacy is one of the most common mistakes in extension work. Always design AV materials from the learner's perspective, not the expert's.
Classification
- Display Type: Poster, Bulletin board, Models, Exhibits etc. These are static presentations that the audience views at their own pace.
- Presented Type: Flash card, Slides, Filmstrip etc. These are sequentially presented by a facilitator to guide the audience through the message.
I. Audio Aids
Audio aids use sound as the primary channel of communication, making them particularly effective for reaching illiterate audiences and people who are engaged in other activities.
1. Tape recorder
- Tape recorder is equipment for recording sound on magnetic tape by electromagnetic process, which may be played back when needed. This allows extension workers to record and replay educational content, farmer testimonials, or expert advice at multiple locations.
- Sound can be recorded in 3 ways.
- Disc recoding: Mechanical Process.
- Tape & wire recording: Magnetic Process.
- Movie film recording: Optical Process.
2. Public address system
- It is set of equipments to amplify sound so that it is audible to a large audience over a distance. It consists of microphone, amplifiers & loudspeakers. UPPSC 2021 Public address systems are essential for mass meetings, campaigns, and field days where the audience size exceeds normal speaking range.
- Amplifier is an electronic medium.
3. Telephone
- Mobile telephone services were introduced in India in 1995. Since then, mobile phones have become one of the most transformative tools for agricultural extension, enabling instant communication between farmers and experts.
4. Radio talks
II. Visual Aids
- 25-30% learning efficiency can be increased by way of using visuals. Visual aids significantly boost comprehension and retention compared to verbal-only methods.
- A one inch object can be seen clearly up to distance of 36 feet.
- While reading any visual, human eye moves normally in a 'Z' like pattern. This is important to know when designing visual materials -- key information should be placed along this Z-pattern for maximum impact.
- All capital words are difficult to read because of lack of symmetry. Using a mix of uppercase and lowercase letters improves readability.
- Black & white are Achromatic colours. They lack colour pigment and serve as neutral backgrounds in visual design.
[A] Two-dimensional Visuals Non-projected
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Chalk Board -- The simplest and most universally available visual aid, useful for spontaneous illustrations and step-by-step explanations during teaching.
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Bulletin Board: A board for display of message. Bulletin boards are placed in prominent locations (village offices, market places) to continuously display important agricultural information.
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Picture & photographs
- Picture is a representation made by drawing, painting or photography which gives accurate idea of an object.
- Photographs: Exact visual recording of things. Photographs provide authentic evidence and are highly effective in convincing audiences about the outcomes of new practices.
- Illustration: Non-photographic reconstruction of reality is called illustration. Illustrations are useful when photographs cannot capture the concept clearly, such as internal structures or processes.
- Flannel graph
- These are the paper containing the message are prepared with sandpaper backing & are placed one-by-one in a sequence along with talk. The speaker builds the story progressively, adding one element at a time, which keeps the audience engaged.
- Also k/w Khaddar graph
- Story telling effect.
- Its chief advantage is to tell step by step. This sequential presentation makes complex processes easy to understand.
- Flash cards
- Flash cards are a series of illustrated cards when flashed or presented before a group in proper sequence tell a complete story. Each card typically shows a single key idea with a bold visual.
- One talk require 10-12 flash cards.
- For small group of 10 to 25 persons: 10 x 12 inches.
- For a group of 30 to 50 persons: 15 x 20 inches.
- These are characterized by sequence, suspense & story-telling. The element of suspense keeps the audience curious and attentive.
- Poster
- Poster is a placard displayed in a public place with the purpose of creating awareness amongst the people. Posters are designed for quick, impactful communication to passers-by.
- Posters are meant to convey one idea. Each poster should focus on a single, clear message to avoid confusion.
- Posters are used at awareness stage. They are most effective in the early stages of the adoption process when the goal is simply to inform people that something new exists.
- ABC: Attractive, Brief and Clear [Journalism: Accuracy, Brevity, Clarity]. These principles ensure that the poster catches attention and communicates effectively.
- Diagram, map, charts and graph
- A line drawing of an object or an idea is called diagram.
- An informative diagram of an area is called map.
- Information in a tabular form is called chart. Charts are excellent for presenting organised, comparative data.
- The most appropriate letter size for titles in a chart is 2.5 inches.
- A diagrammatic representation of the relationship between variables is called graph.
- The inflow and outflow of cash in the union budget is best represented through Pie graph. Pie charts show proportional relationships at a glance.
- Flip Charts
- It consists of a series of individual charts which are bound together and hung on a supporting stand like a calender. Flip charts allow the presenter to move through topics sequentially and systematically.
- The height of characters used in slide chart should be 20 points.
- Storytelling effect.
- Translide
- Translides are transparent big size photographs which are displayed by providing light at the back. They create a large, bright visual that can be viewed by groups in both indoor and outdoor settings.
- Non-projected AV aid.
- Leaflet
- It usually contains 4 pages. Leaflets are small, inexpensive, and easily distributable, making them ideal for mass dissemination of simple technical messages.
Projected Projected visual aids use light and optical systems to display images on a screen, making them suitable for larger audiences and providing vivid, enlarged visuals.
There are three major projection systems:
- Direct Projection
- Most commonly used. Light passes directly from the projection bulb.
- Slide projector works on direct principle of projection.
- Direct type projectors are also k/w diascope.
- The principle made used in slide-cum-film projector is direct projection.
- The object in slide projector is kept between condenser & objective lens.
- In slide projections the material to project should be kept inverted. This is because the optical system flips the image during projection, so the inverted original appears right-side-up on screen.
- Indirect Projection
- Overhead projector (OHP) works on this principle. The OHP uses a mirror system to redirect the light path, allowing the presenter to face the audience while presenting.
- Reflected Projection
- Only Opaque projector works on this principle. It projects images from non-transparent, opaque materials such as printed pages, photographs, or book pages.
- The reflected projection system absorbs a great deal of light, making it mandatory to use the opaque projector in a darkened room for satisfactory projection.
- Indirect type of projectors also k/w Epidiascope.
TIP
Projection Types at a Glance: Direct (Slide projector / Diascope) | Indirect (OHP) | Reflected (Opaque projector / Epidiascope).
[B] Three-dimensional Visuals Three-dimensional visuals provide physical, tangible representations that learners can examine from multiple angles, making complex objects and concepts much easier to understand.
- Models
- It is 3D recognisable imitation of an object. It may be of same size, larger or smaller than the thing it represents. Models make it possible to bring objects into the classroom that would otherwise be too large, too small, too distant, or too dangerous to observe directly.
- Model is as a group contact method.
- Types:
- Scale Model: The models made in correct proportion to the original object. These are miniature replicas that maintain accurate proportional relationships.
- Simplified Model: Model that roughly represents the external form of an object. These strip away unnecessary detail to focus on the key features.
- Working Model: Model which shows how things function or operate. These are particularly valuable for demonstrating mechanical processes and systems.
- Cutway or Cross-Sectional Model: Models shows something looks inside & are particularly useful in understanding some complex phenomena. They reveal internal structures that cannot be seen from the outside.
- Mock-up
- It is a 3D imitation of a thing in certain aspects only for the purpose of learning and so it may not be similar in appearance. Mock-ups focus on functional accuracy rather than visual resemblance.
- A mock-up, is a scale or full-size model of a design or device, used for teaching, demonstration, design evaluation, promotion, and other purposes. A mock-up is a prototype if it provides at least part of the functionality of a system and enables testing of a design.
- Ex. A mock-up of a driver's seat in training schools, mock-up of a clock in schools showing movement of the hands
- A working model is known as Mock-up.
- Specimen
- The sample of real things minus the natural setting. A sample which represents the whole. Ex. Coin, diseases, insect (beetle) etc. Specimens bring real, authentic materials into the learning environment for direct observation and study.
- Beetle is a specimen out of sky, sun, beetle and mountain.
- Object
- Real thing in its natural setting. Objects provide the most authentic learning experience because the learner interacts with the actual item in its real environment.
- Diorama
- It is a scenic representation of the original, with specimen, model and painting. Dioramas recreate realistic scenes that help learners visualize how different elements of a system work together in their natural context.
- Greek term mean 'to see through'.
- Used when not possible to expose to natural situation in exhibition etc.
III. Audio-Visual Aids
Audio-visual aids combine both sound and visual elements, engaging multiple senses simultaneously for the highest learning effectiveness.
[A] Non-projected:
- Drama -- Live performances that combine dialogue, visuals, and emotion to convey messages in an entertaining and memorable way.
- Puppet show -- Particularly effective in rural areas, puppet shows use local language, humour, and cultural references to communicate messages.
- Talking doll
- Flash Card
[B] Projected
- Motion Picture (Cinema)
- Movie film recording is made by optical process.
- The motion picture camera records the still pictures at a rate of 24 per second. This rapid succession of still images creates the illusion of continuous motion.
- The film projector commonly used in extension is 16mm. (Also for Educational Movies). The 16mm format was chosen because it is portable, affordable, and provides adequate quality for field screenings.
- 2 and 6 formula is used for seating arrangements. The nearest viewer should sit at a distance of 2 times the screen width, and the farthest viewer should sit at 6 times the screen width.
- Telecasts
- LCD = Liquid Crystal Display
- Sound Synchronised Slides
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