Which of the following is a projected method of communication?

Audio-Visual Aids/Materials

• AV aids are instructional devices which are used to communicate message more effectively through sound and visuals.
• While preparing the AV aids, the extension personnel must give more importance to personality of the farmer.
• COIK fallacy (Edger Dale, 1965): Avoid the COIK Fallacy (Clear Only if Known). It is the assumption that what is clear to the expert demonstrator is also clearly know to the person for whom the message is intended. It is one of the important limitation of the use of AV aids.

Classification

• Display Type: Poster, Bulletin board, Models, Exhibits etc.
• Presented Type: Flash card, Slides, Filmstrip etc.

I. Audio Aids

1. Tape recorder

• Tape recorder is equipment for recording sound on magnetic tape by electromagnetic process, which may be played back when needed.
• Sound can be recorded in 3 ways.
  • Disc recoding: Mechanical Process.
  • Tape & wire recording: Magnetic Process.
  • Movie film recording: Optical Process.

2. Public address system

• It is set of equipments to amplify sound so that it is audible to a large audience over a distance. It consists of microphone, amplifiers & loudspeakers. ^{UPPSC 2021}
• Amplifier is an electronic medium.

3. Telephone

• Mobile telephone services were introduced in India in 1995.

4. Radio talks

II. Visual Aids

• 25-30% learning efficiency can be increased by way of using visuals.
• A one inch object can be seen clearly up to distance of 36 feet.
• While reading any visual, human eye moves normally in a ‘Z’ like pattern.
• All capital words are difficult to read because of lack of symmetry.
• Black & white are Achromatic colours.

[A] Two-dimensional Visuals Non-projected

1. Chalk Board
2. Bulletin Board: A board for display of message.
3. Picture & photographs

• Picture is a representation made by drawing, painting or photography which gives accurate idea of an object.
• Photographs: Exact visual recording of things.
• Illustration: Non-photographic reconstruction of reality is called illustration.

4. Flannel graph

• These are the paper containing the message are prepared with sandpaper backing & are placed one-by-one in a sequence along with talk.
• Also k/w Khaddar graph
• Story telling effect.
• Its chief advantage is to tell step by step.

5. Flash cards

• Flash cards are a series of illustrated cards when flashed or presented before a group in proper sequence tell a complete story.
• One talk require 10-12 flash cards.
• For small group of 10 to 25 persons: 10 x 12 inches.
• For a group of 30 to 50 persons: 15 x 20 inches.
• These are characterized by sequence, suspense & story-telling.

6. Poster

• Poster is a placard displayed in a public place with the purpose of creating awareness amongst the people.
• Posters are meant to convey one idea.
• Posters are used at awareness stage.
• ABC: Attractive, Brief and Clear [Journalism: Accuracy, Bravity, Clarity].

7. Diagram, map, charts and graph

• A line drawing of an object or an idea is called diagram.
• An informative diagram of an area is called map.
• Information in a tabular form is called chart.
• The most appropriate letter size for titles in a chart is 2.5 inches.
• A diagrammatic representation of the relationship between variables is called graph.
• The inflow and outflow of cash in the union budget is best represented through Pie graph.

8. Flip Charts

• It consists of a series of individual charts which are bound together and hung on a supporting stand like a calender.
• The height of characters used in slide chart should be 20 points.
• Storytelling effect.

9. Translide

• Translides are transparent big size photographs which are displayed by providing light at the back.
• Non-projected AV aid.

10. Leaflet

• It usually contains 4 pages.

Projected There are three major projection systems:

1. Direct Projection

• Most commonly used. Light passes directly from the projection bulb.
• Slide projector works on direct principle of projection.
• Direct type projectors are also k/w diascope.
• The principle made used in slide-cum-film projector is direct projection.
• The object in slide projector is kept between condenser & objective lens.
• In slide projections the material to project should be kept inverted.

2. Indirect Projection

• Overhead projector (OHP) works on this principle.

3. Reflected Projection

• Only Opaque projector works on this principle.
• The reflected projection system absorbs a great deal of light, making it mandatory to use the opaque projector in a darkened room for satisfactory projection.
• Indirect type of projectors also k/w Epidiascope.

[B] Three-dimensional Visuals

1. Models

• It is 3D recognisable imitation of an object. It may be of same size, larger or smaller than the thing it represents.
• Model is as a group contact method.
• Types:
  1. Scale Model: The models made in correct proportion to the original object.
  2. Simplified Model: Model that roughly represents the external form of an object.
  3. Working Model: Model which shows how things function or operate.
  4. Cutway or Cross-Sectional Model: Models shows something looks inside & are particularly useful in understanding some complex phenomena.

2. Mock-up

• It is a 3D imitation of a thing in certain aspects only for the purpose of learning and so it may not be similar in appearance.
• A mock-up, is a scale or full-size model of a design or device, used for teaching, demonstration, design evaluation, promotion, and other purposes. A mock-up is a prototype if it provides at least part of the functionality of a system and enables testing of a design.
• Ex. A mock-up of a driver’s seat in training schools, mock-up of a clock in schools showing movement of the hands
• A working model is known as Mock-up.

3. Specimen

• The sample of real things minus the natural setting. A sample which represents the whole. Ex. Coin, diseases, insect (beetle) etc.
• Beetle is a specimen out of sky, sun, beetle and mountain.

4. Object

• Real thing in its natural setting.

5. Diorama

• It is a scenic representation of the original, with specimen, model and painting.
• Greek term mean ‘to see through’.
• Used when not possible to expose to natural situation in exhibition etc.

III. Audio-Visual Aids

[A] Non-projected:

1. Drama
2. Puppet show
3. Talking doll
4. Flash Card

[B] Projected

1. Motion Picture (Cinema)

• Movie film recording is made by optical process.
• The motion picture camera records the still pictures at a rate of 24 per second.
• The film projector commonly used in extension is 16mm. (Also for Educational Movies).
• 2 and 6 formula is used for seating arrangements.

2. Telecasts

• LCD = Liquid Crystal Display

3. Sound Synchronised Slides

Which of the following is a projected method of communication?

Audio-Visual Aids/Materials

• AV aids are instructional devices which are used to communicate message more effectively through sound and visuals.
• While preparing the AV aids, the extension personnel must give more importance to personality of the farmer.
• COIK fallacy (Edger Dale, 1965): Avoid the COIK Fallacy (Clear Only if Known). It is the assumption that what is clear to the expert demonstrator is also clearly know to the person for whom the message is intended. It is one of the important limitation of the use of AV aids.

Classification

• Display Type: Poster, Bulletin board, Models, Exhibits etc.
• Presented Type: Flash card, Slides, Filmstrip etc.

I. Audio Aids

1. Tape recorder

• Tape recorder is equipment for recording …

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