📜 Historical Development

Historical Development in USA and India, Timeline for major events in agriculture.

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Historical Development of Extension

USA

  • To stop the migration of rural people to cities President Roosevelt established County Commission in 1862.
  • To keep rural people in rural areas “Out of school education” should be given to them, for this Philadelphia Committee was signed.
  • Land Grant Colleges came into existence as a part of Morill Act 1862. The act was passed under the presidency of Abraham Lincon. JRF 2011/2014
  • Experimental stations came into existence as a part of Hatch Act 1887.
  • Seed corn trains were organised in Lowa in 1904 by Prof. Holden.
  • Extension service in USA is K/W Cooperative extension service which came as a consequence of Smith Liver Act 1914. It is a branch of the land-grant institution. JRF 2011/2017
  • Cooperative extension service of USA is composed of Federal services & basic unit for extension service is state.
  • In 1885, the concept of demonstration was given by Dr. Seeman A. Knapp. He generated a new variety and demonstrated on one million acre farm in Lausannia. Therefore he is known as Father of Method Demonstration. Farm demonstration work started in 1903 under Dr. Seaman A. Knapp.

India

👉🏻 Important Chronological Events in Agriculture

Famine Commission Report 1866

Department of Revenue, Agriculture and Commerce (DRAC) was set in 1871:

Famine commission 1866 recommended establishment of Agriculture department in 1871 in the tenure of Lord Mayo.

The Famine Commission 1880

Recommended revival of Dept. of Agriculture (DOA) under the control of secretary (1881) and all provinces to have ‘DOA’ (1882).

1891:

  • 📜 Dr. J.A. Volcker’s report on Improvement of Indian Agriculture
  • Foundation for Agriculture Research laid by Dr. J.A. Voelcker.
  • With the establishment of Imperial Biological Laboratory in 1889.

1892:

Agriculture chemist & assistant chemist appointed to look after research & teaching.

The Famine Commission 1901

  • Recommended the appointment of experts capable of applying scientific methods to the improvement of agriculture.
  • Setting up of Imperial Agricultural Research Institute at Pusa, Bihar in 1905 was established.
  • First Irrigation Commission 1901

1901-05:

  • Six agricultural colleges were setup (Pune, Nagpur, Kanpur, Sabour, Coimbator & Lyallpur).

The Government of India Act 1919

  • Empowered the transfer of all the departments closely connected with rural development to the major provinces and agriculture become the state subject.

The Royal Commission on Agriculture in India 1928

  • It paved the way for development of Extension in India.
  • Visual demonstration to motivate farmers in farmer’s field & appointment of Director of agriculture etc.

Extension Education Institutes (EEIs)

  • To cater extension education and training needs of the large number of extension professionals in the country, four Extension Education Institutes (EEIs) were established in India at the regional level. These were:
  1. Nilokheri in Haryana (1959): [Haryana Institute of Rural Development, HIRD]
  2. Anand in Gujarat (1962)
  3. Hyderabad in Andhra Pradesh (1962)
  4. Jorhat in Assam (1987)

Objectives of creating EEI

  • To provide in-service training to the staff of the State/Regional Training Centers in extension and communication methodology.
  • To organize workshops on training methods / communication techniques for master trainers.
  • To conduct training programmes in specialized fields like monitoring and evaluation.
  • Supervision and extension management for middle level extension functionaries.
  • To conduct subject matter and extension education training programmes.

Extension Role of Agricultural Universities:

  • The University Education Commission (1949), headed by Dr S. Radhakrishnan, recommended the establishment of ‘Rural Universities’ in India.
  • Endorsing this idea, the two joint Indo-American Teams on Agricultural Research and Education (1954-55 and 1959-60) recommended the setting up of Agricultural Universities in the States on the pattern of Land Grant Colleges of the United States of America.
  • Accordingly first Agricultural University came into existence at Pantnagar, Uttaranchal State (Erstwhile Uttar Pradesh), in 1960. On the basis of American pattern of Land Grant College.
  • The role of Agricultural University is presented following the Report of the Review Committee of Agricultural University headed by Dr. M.S. Randhawa (1978): Teaching, Research and Extension.
  • Dr. Ralph W. Cummings prepared blue print for establishment of Agricultural Universities in different states of India.
  • 104 National institutes & 64 SAUs are in India.
  • Central Agricultural University is at Manipur.
  • First extension teaching at the under graduate level was started by College of Agriculture, Calcutta University in 1950.
  • First Post Graduate teaching started by College of Agriculture, Sabour, Bihar in 1955.
  • First Ph.D. programme was introduced by IARI in 1961.
  • The role of extension education in India is performed by State Agricultural Universities.

Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI)

1905 Agricultural Research Institute was established at Pusa, Bihar under the viceroyalty of Lord Curzon. Earlier it was in West Bengal. With the help of sum of rupees 9 lakh was donated by an American Philip Foundation of USA.
1911 Renamed as Imperial Agricultural Research Institute
1923 Institute start offering Diploma of Associate ship
1934 Major earth quake damaged the building at Pusa, Bihar
1936 Shifted to Pusa Road, New Delhi
1936 B. Vishwanath, first Indian Director of Institute
1946 The Diploma of Associate ship was recognised equivalent to M.Sc.
1947 Name was changed from Imperial to Indian
1958 Recognised as “Deemed University” under UGC Act 1956. PG school was established.

Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)

  • ICAR is registered cooperative not an educational organisation or research institute.
  • Union Minister of Agriculture is the ex-officio President of the ICAR Society.
  • Director General (DG) of ICAR is also Secretary of DARE.
  • 1st President of ICAR: Sir Mohammad Habibullah
  • First Vice-president of ICAR: Vijay Raghavacharya
  • First secretary of ICAR: Mr. S.A. Hydari
  • First Agricultural minister of India: Rajendra Prashad
  • Current President of ICAR: Narendra Singh Tomar
  • Current DG of ICAR: Dr Himanshu Pathak
  • Directorate of Extension Education was established in 1966.
  • ICAR Division of Extension was established in 1971.
  • First All India Coordinated Research Project in Extension Education sanctioned on A Study on Farming System in 1977.
  • There are 8 scientific divisions at ICAR
  • HQ New Delhi.
  • It is the largest network of agricultural research and education institutes in the world.

History
1926 Established Royal Commission on Agriculture, headed by Lord Linlithgow recommended setting up Imperial Council of Agricultural Research to promote, guide and coordinate agricultural research throughout the India.
1928 Royal Commission on Agriculture submitted its report
16th July, 1929 Imperial Council of Agricultural Research was set up as registered society under the Societies Registration Act 1860. On the recommendation of RCA AFO 2017
March, 1946 Under the president ship of Jogendra Singh it was decided to change the ‘Imperial’ into ‘Indian’ and now it is called Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
1963 The Agricultural Review Team headed by Dr. Marion W. Parker of USDA was appointed.
1965 1st DG of ICAR was Dr. Benjamin Peary Pal (BP Pal), he initiated All India Co-ordinated Research Projects (AICRPs).
1966 ICAR was made a fully autonomous organisation on the recommendation of Agricultural Review Committee. Placement of different agricultural research institutes under the preview of ICAR.
June, 1972 Gajendragadkar Committee was established to review the recruitment and personal policies of ICAR and its institutes, which submitted its report in 1973.
1973

Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE) was created in the Ministry of Agriculture.

Agricultural Scientist Recruitment Board (ASRB) was established on 1 November 1973 as an independent recruitment agency in pursuance of the recommendations of the Gajendra Gadkar Committee.
1975 The Agricultural Research Services (ARS) was architect by Dr M.S. Swaminathan.

MANDATE

  • Plan, Undertake, Coordinate and Promote Research and Technology Development for Sustainable Agriculture.
  • Aid, Impart and Coordinate Agricultural Education to enable Quality Human Resource Development.
  • Frontline Extension for technology application, adoption, knowledge management and capacity development for agri-based rural development.
  • Policy, Cooperation and Consultancy in Agricultural Research, Education & Extension.

ICAR Publications

  • Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences (Monthly)
  • Indian Journal of Animal Sciences (Monthly)
  • Indian Farming (Monthly)
  • Indian Horticulture (Quarterly)
  • ICAR Reporter (Quarterly)
  • APIS (Quarterly)

Periodicals (Hindi)

  • Kheti
  • Phal Phool
  • Krishi Chayanika

ICAR Mobile Applications

  • Kisan Suvidha
  • Pusa Krishi
  • MKisan Application
  • Shetkari Masik Android App
  • Farm-o-pedia
  • Bhuvan Hailstorm App
  • Crop Insurance Mobile App
  • AgriMarket
  • Application for Poultry
  • Pashu Poshan

National Academy of Agricultural Research and Management (NAARM)

  • Hyderabad in 1976.
  • The new recruits & serving staffs in agricultural research management get trained at NAARM.

National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE)

  • Hyderabad in 1986
  • To provide managerial and technical skills.

National Institute of Agricultural Marketing (NIAM)

  • Jaipur

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