💐 Floriculture

Status of Floriculture in India

• Leading flower product exporting country: Netherlands (57%)
• Leading flower product importing country: Germany
• Country having largest market of cut flowers: Germany
• Largest importer of floriculture products from India: USA (27%).
• State having maximum area under floriculture in India: J & K (2017-18 NHB)
• State having maximum production under floriculture in India: Tamil Nadu
• India is the largest producer of loose flower in the world
• Largest loose flower producing state: Tamil Nadu
• Largest cut flower producing state: West Bengal
• Flower crop covering maximum area in India: Jasmine
• Hogarth course is also known as: Line of beauty (S shaped).

• Japanese flower arrangement is known as Ikebana.

• Book ‘Beautiful Gardens’ is written by M.S Randhawa.

Style of gardening

Formal style

• First plan is made on paper and then land is selected accordingly.
• Land is leveled
• Symmetrical design
• Geometrical: Square, rectangular, circular beds and borders
• Roads and paths cut at right angle
• Balance is symmetrical as same feature replicated on both sides of central axis
• Hedges, edges and topiary are trimmed
• Trees can be selected as individual feature

• E.g. Mughal gardens, Persian gardens, Pinjore garden, Italian (Roman), French and American gardens

Informal style

• Plan is forced to fit the land
• It reflects naturalistic effect of total view and represents natural beauty
• Land is not leveled
• Asymmetrical design
• Non-geometrical beds and borders
• Untrimmed hedges, edges and topiary
• Individual plants are not selected as feature
• E.g. Japanese garden, Chinese, English garden

Freestyle

• Combination of both formal and informal style.
• E.g. Rose garden of Chandigarh.

Main features of garden

Mughal garden

• Terraces: Terraces are components to maintain the proportion of land for extended view irrespective of topography of the area 7, 8 or 12 terraces symbolize 7 planets, 8 paradise and 12 zodiacal signs. The entrance is located at the lowest terrace.
• Running water: Water is the life and soul of Moghul garden.
• Baradari: It is a canopied building with twelve open doors i.e., three in each direction. From baradari, one can sit and enjoy the fresh breeze and watch dark clouds and birds in the sky. The masonry pillars of baradari were painted with favorite design of bouquets of flowers in vases and the floor was furnished with thick carpets and cushions.
• High protecting wall
• Terminal building
• Scented flowers: The flowers in Moghul gardens are mostly scented in nature and highly colorful

Symbolism in Moghul gardens

• Water: Source of life
• Cross at intersection of water channel meeting humanity with God.
• Eight divisions: Eight divisions of Koran
• Alternate planting of cypress and flowering trees: Immortality and renewal of life.
• Bauhinia alba: Youth and life.

Japanese garden

• Often called as Zen garden.
• Garden lanterns
• Garden pagoda
• Dry landscape
• Wells
• E.g. British garden, Japanese garden, Buddha Jayanti park, New Delhi

English garden

• Herbaceous border
• Rockery
• Lawn
• Cottage garden
• E.g. Persian garden, Rastrapati garden, Tea garden

Lawn

• Regarded as heart of garden
• No garden is complete without lawn
• Planting of grass in lawn by turf method

• It is best and quickest method for planting of lawn
• In this method turf-piece of earth with grasses are used.

Bonsai

• Japanese art of growing miniature trees and shrubs by extreme dwarfing.
• The optimum size of Bonsai is 30-60 cm.
• Aluminium among the following wire is most suitable for making Bonsai.

Topiary

• It is an art of training plants in to different shape i.e. shape of animals, birds etc.
• Plants used in topiary are evergreen i.e. Duranta, Minya panniculata.

Edge

• When low growing perennial, annual plants are grown on the border of plots, beds are called edge.
• Ex. Alternanthera, Sunrose.
• Normal height is 30 cm.

Hedges

• When shrubs are planted on boundary for fencing.
• It may be ornamental or protective.
• Ex. Karonda, Bougainvillea, Mehndi, Hibiscus, Clerodendron and Lantana are the best example of hedge.
• Normal height is 1-2 meters.
• Group of shrubs is known as shrubbery.

Famous gardens

Types of flowers

Cut flower

• Harvested at full open stage.

Loose flower