• Classification of citrus was given by Tanka & Swingle (1945).
• Spain is largest exporter of citrus.
• Ultra dwarf rootstock of citrus: Flying dragon.
• Fruit ripening: 9 month after planting.

Mandarin

• Botanical Name: Citrus reticulata
• Family: Rutaceae
• Origin: China
• Most common among citrus fruits grown in India.
• Mandarin occupies 50 % area under citrus spp.
• Seeds of citrus don’t have dormancy so they should be sown immediately after extraction.
• Blooming-three time in a year.
• Mandarins are highly susceptible to water logging.
• Rootstock for HDP: Troyer citrange (1.8 x 1.8 m²).
• Rangpur lime — most promising rootstock for mandarin and sweet orange.
• Rootstock — Adajamir [C. assamensis] are resistant to Greening.
• Spacing of lime, lemon and sweet orange is 6 m x 6 m
• Best time for Pruning — Late winter or Early spring.
• Mandarin, sweet orange, Acid lime, grape fruit: Highly polyembryonic.
• Pummelo, Tahiti lime, Citron: Monoembryonic.
• Citrus fruits have a special kind of fruit skin referred as ‘leathery rind’.
• Citrus is micro-nutrient loving plant.
• Trifoliate orange-resistant to phytopthora and nematodes.
• Limolin-glycoside is responsible for bitter taste of citrus fruit juice.
• Nagpur mandarin was introduced in India in 1894 by Shuji Raja Bhosle.
• Irrigation requirement of mandarin is higher than other citrus species.
• Weeds are serious problem in nursery. So, bromocial is most effective weedicide in controlling monocot and dicot weed.
• State with highest production of citrus in India is Andhra Pradesh followed by Maharastra.
• Sikkim is the only place where mandarin are packed in wooden boxes.

Varieties

• Coorg: Most important commercial variety in South India (Karnataka).
• Kodai orange: Tamil Nadu
• Khasi: Locally known as Sikkim or Kamla mandarin. (North-East India)
• Nagpur Santra (Ponkan): Finest mandarin in the world. Grown in Satpuda hills in Maharashtra.
• Laddu mandrain
• Sutwal: Introduced from Nepal.
• Satsuma (seedless): Commercial mandarin of Japan.
• Emperor and Fuetrelles: Introduction from Australia.

Kinnow

• It is high yield mandarin and cross between King Sweet x Willow Leaf mandarins
• Developed by H.B. Frost, USA -1935.
• Kinnow was introduced in India in 1959.
• It was first introduced in Punjab.
• It’s juicier than oranges and is majorly grown in Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Rajasthan and even Haryana.
• Kinnow can be grown in high density planting by using ‘Troyer citrange’ as a rootstock by spacing the plants at 1.8 x 1.8 m² (3000 plants/hac).
• A kinnow is generally dark in colour while the colour of an orange varies from saffron to light orange colour.

Sweet Orange

• Botanical Name: Citrus sinensis
• Family: Rutaceae
• Origin: China
• Pre-harvest fruit drop is common in citrus. It is due to:
  • Physiological factors
  • Pathological factors
• Control measure-spray of 2, 4-D (20 PPM). Most prone variety Mosambi & Blood Red.
• Degreening of citrus fruits is done by CaC₂ (Calcium Carbide).
• Best time for pruning — late winter or early spring.
• Sweet orange is susceptible to water logging and phytopthora rot, so water stagnation in orchard should be avoided.
• Double ring method - best for irrigation.
• Deficiency of zinc along with N, is major nutritional problem of sweet orange.
• Rangpur lime is the best rootstock for mosambi.
• ‘T’ budding or Patch budding are most common method for sweet orange propagation.
• Pineapple and Valencia - indicator of greening.

Varieties

• Hamlin: Early variety
• Jaffa: Mid-season variety
• Pineapple: Mid-season variety
• Valencia: late season variety
• Mosambi: Most popular in Maharashtra, Best rootstock— Rangpur lime
• Satgudi: Most popular in Andhra Pradesh, Best rootstock— Rough lemon.
• Blood red: Most popular in North India Best rootstock— Karnakhatta, Jatti khatha.
• Shamouti: Seedless variety
• Washinghton navel
• Batavin
• Mudkhed - Bud mutant of Nagpur mandarin.

Lime/ Kagzi Lime (Khata Nimbu or Chota nimbu)

• India rank 5^th among major lime and lemon producing country in the world.
• Sweet lime: Citrus limetoides, Native-India, self-incompatible.
• Tahiti lime: Citrus latifolia — seedless triploid.
• Rangpur lime: Citrus limenica, native - India
• Pummelo: Citrus grandis (largest fruit), self-incompatible.
• Acid lime is only propagated by seeds.
• Kagzi lime (C. aurantifolia) is the indicator plant for Tristeza (highly susceptible to this disease).
• Citrus canker is most serious disease of acid lime.
• Acid-lime is tropical plant.
• Lemons are divided into 4 groups:
  • Eureka
  • Lisbon
  • Anamalous

Sweet lemon

• Gajanimma (Citrus Pennivesiculata) is most promising rootstock followed by rough lemon for acid lime.
• Sweet lime contain — nonacid juice.
• Sweet lime is resistant to greening.

Acid lime/kagzi lime varieties

• Pramalini: Canker tolerant
• Vikram
• Chakradhar: Seedless variety of Acid lime.
• PKM-1
• Sai sarbati: Tolerant to tristiza and canker.
• Jai devi: Pleasant Aroma
• Sweet lime Varieties
  • Mitha chikna
  • Mithotra
• Lemon Varieties
  • Eureka
  • Lucknow seedless
  • Lisbon
  • Kagzikalan
  • Nepali oblong
  • Nepali round
  • Pant lemon-I-self-incompatible.
  • Villafrance - belong to Eureka group.

Grape Fruit

• Botanical Name: Citrus paradisi
• Family: Rutaceae
• Grape fruit is also known as forbidden fruit/ breakfast fruit.
• Citron — Persian apple.
• Citron — glucoside present-Hespiridin.
• Varieties
  • Star ruby: From Hudson grape fruit through mutation breeding.
  • Red Blush
  • Duncan
  • Marsh Seedless
  • Foster
  • Triumph
  • Sharanpur Special
  • Thompson

Flowering in Citrus

Diseases of Citrus

• Gummosis: Phytophthora spp.

• Bacterial canker: Xanthontonas compestris p.v. citri (transmitted by leaf minor)

• Citrus greening:
  • Earlier Mycoplasma (now causal organism is Caliberobacter, a gram negative, walled, bacteria).
  • Transmitted by citrus psylla, Diaphorina citri

• Tristeza: Virus (vector is aphids: Toxoptera sp.)

• Exocortis: Viroids.

Physiological disorder

• Granulation: Due to high temperature & R.H. during ripening. It is managed by spray lime & application of 2, 4-D (12 ppm). The juice vesicle become hard, enlarged and turn opaque grayish in colour.

• Fruit Cracking
  • It is due to sudden changes in temperature and also due to moisture stress condition.
• Yellow leaf of citrus: Mo deficiency.
• Die back due to: Copper deficiency
• Exanthema: Copper deficiency.
• Little leaf: Copper deficiency
• Mottle leaf: Zinc deficiency
• Citrus Decline

  

Insect-pest

• Psylla: Diaphorina ctri (vector of greening disease)

  

• Leaf minor: Phyllocnistis curella (vector of citrus canker)

  

• Aphids: Toxoptera auranti (vector of Tristeza disease).
• Lemon butterfly: Pupil demoleus. (Controlled by bagging of fruits).

  

• Fruit sucking moth: Othreis fullonica (only adult suck the juice from ripening fruits).

  

• Classification of citrus was given by Tanka & Swingle (1945).
• Spain is largest exporter of citrus.
• Ultra dwarf rootstock of citrus: Flying dragon.
• Fruit ripening: 9 month after planting.

Mandarin

• Botanical Name: Citrus reticulata
• Family: Rutaceae
• Origin: China
• Most common among citrus fruits grown in India.
• Mandarin occupies 50 % area under citrus spp.
• Seeds of citrus don’t have dormancy so they should be sown immediately after extraction.
• Blooming-three time in a year.
• Mandarins are highly susceptible to water logging.
• Rootstock for HDP: Troyer citrange (1.8 x 1.8 m²).
• Rangpur lime — most promising rootstock for mandarin and sweet orange.
• Rootstock — Adajamir [C. assamensis] are resistant to Greening.
• Spacing of lime, lemon and sweet orange is 6 m x 6 m
• Best time for …

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