🍪 Classification
Fruit morphology, Classification of fruits
Types of fruits
Fruit Morphology
![](/courses/horticulture/pomology/img/flower-morphology.jpeg)
- A fruit consists of pericarp and seeds. Seeds are fertilized and ripened ovules.
- The pericarp develops from the ovary wall and may be dry or fleshy.
- When fleshy, the pericarp is differentiated into outer epicarp, middle mesocarp and inner endocarp.
![](/courses/horticulture/pomology/img/fruit-morphology.png)
- So, most of the flowers are developed in the following way:
![](/courses/horticulture/pomology/img/fruit-development.jpeg)
👉🏻 On the basis of the above-mentioned features, fruits are usually classified into 3 main groups:
Simple fruits
- When a
single fruit
develops from asingle ovary
of a single flower, it is called a simple fruit. - Examples:
Banana
, ⭐️Grapes
, Papaya, Avacado etc. - Simple fruits are of two types:
- Dry Fruits
- Succulent fruits (fleshy fruits)
Dry fruits
- These fruits are not fleshy, and their pericarp (fruit wall) is not distinguished into three layers.
- Dry fruits classification:
- Dehiscent fruits (capsular fruits)
- Characteristic of these fruits is that their pericarp rupture after ripening and the seeds are disseminated.
- Indehiscent fruits (Achenial fruits)
- As their name indicates, pericarp of such fruits does not rupture on ripening and the seeds remain inside.
- Schizocarpic fruits (Splitting fruits)
- These fruits fall in between the above-mentioned two categories. Here, the fruit on ripening divides into one-seeded segments or mericarp; but the mericarps remain un-ruptured.
- Dehiscent fruits (capsular fruits)
![](/courses/horticulture/pomology/img/schizocarpic-fruit.png)
Succulent fruits (fleshy fruits)
- In these fruits pericarp is distinguished into pericarp, mesocarp and endocarp.
- Mesocarp is fleshy or fibrous.
- These fruits are indehiscent, and seeds are liberated after the decay of the flesh.
- Succulent fruits can be classified into Drupe, Pome and Berrie.
Drupe
- The pericarp or fruit wall is differentiated into thin epicarp (skin), fleshy mesocarp and
stony endocarp
. - Hence it is also called as stone fruit, e.g. Mango, Jamun, Coffee, Coconut, Almond, Plum, Peach etc.
- In mango, mesocarp is juicy and edible.
- In coconut mesocarp is fibrous and edible part is the endosperm. The nuclear endosperm which is suspended within the water of the coconut, develops and forms the edible coconut flesh.
- In almond, epicarp and mesocarp get peeled off and only hard endocarp can be seen in marketed fruits. The edible part is cotyledons.
![](/courses/horticulture/pomology/img/drup-fruit.png)
Pome
- It is a simple, fleshy but false fruit as it is surrounded by a fleshy thalamus which is edible while actual fruit lies within.
- E.g. Apple, Pear, Loquat etc.
![](/courses/horticulture/pomology/img/pome-fruit.jpeg)
Berry
- Berry is a fleshy fruit in which there is no hard part except the seeds.
- Pericarp may be differentiated into epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp.
- One or other of these layers may form pulp in which seeds are embedded which generally gets detached from the placenta.
- Examples:
Banana
,Papaya
,Grape
,Date Palm
,Arecanut
andGuava
. - The following are some fruits which show variations from the normal Berry:
- Pepo:
Watermelon
(Cucurbits) - Hesperidium:
Citrus
fruits like oranges and lemons - Amphisarca:
Bael
- Balusta:
Pomegranate
- Pepo:
Aggregate fruits
- They develop from the
apocarpous ovaries
of a single flower. Thus, from one flower, many fruits develop. - Example: Eteario of berries,
Custard Apple
,Raspberry
Multiple or Composite Fruits
- A fruit developing from a
complete inflorescence
is called a multiple or a composite fruit. i.e. many flowers — single fruit. - Examples: Pineapple (
Sorosis
) AFO-2021, Fig (Synconus
), Jackfruit, Mulberry etc.
Others
- Nuts: Litchi & Cashew
- Capsule: Okra and Aonla
Ediable Part of Fruits
Commonly Known as
![](/courses/horticulture/pomology/img/common-names.png)
Important families of fruit crops
![](/courses/horticulture/pomology/img/families-fruits.png)
Fruiting Pattern
- Lateral bearing cultivars develop fruits on side small branches after three or four years of planting and bear heavily.
- Ex. Mango
- In comparison to lateral bearing, tip bearing plants develop fruit on tips of one year old shoots after six or more years and produces
yield smaller
than lateral bearing cultivars.- Ex. Plum, Pear, Ber, Guava etc.
![](/courses/horticulture/pomology/img/fruiting-pattern.png)
Types of fruits
Fruit Morphology
![](/courses/horticulture/pomology/img/flower-morphology.jpeg)
- A fruit consists of pericarp and seeds. Seeds are fertilized and ripened ovules.
- The pericarp develops from the ovary wall and may be dry or fleshy.
- When fleshy, the pericarp is differentiated into outer epicarp, middle mesocarp and inner endocarp.
![](/courses/horticulture/pomology/img/fruit-morphology.png)
- So, most of the flowers are developed in the following way:
![](/courses/horticulture/pomology/img/fruit-development.jpeg)
👉🏻 On the basis of the above-mentioned features, fruits are usually classified into 3 main groups:
Simple fruits
- When a
single fruit
develops from asingle ovary
of a single flower, it is called a simple fruit. - Examples:
Banana
, ⭐️Grapes
, Papaya, Avacado etc. - Simple fruits are of two types:
- Dry Fruits
- Succulent fruits (fleshy fruits)
Dry fruits
- These fruits are not fleshy, and their pericarp (fruit wall) is not distinguished into …
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