🥭 Mango

• Botanical Name: Mangifera indica
• Family: Anacardiaceae
• Origin: Indo-Burma region
• India first in mango production in the world. About 39% of world mango are produced in India.
• U.P. first in mango production in India.
• Highest productivity in the world: Venezuela
• National fruit of India/ King of Fruits.
• Pollinator: house fly
• Mango can withstand deficiency of P but not K.
• VHT (Vapour heat treatment) is recommended for disinfection of mango against fruit flies and stone weevil.
• Two crop of mango is taken in Kanyakumari district of TN.
• Mango hybridization work was first started by Burns and Prayag in 1911 at Pune.
• Caging technique of breeding was used in mango by Dr. R.N. Singh.
• Black tip was first observed in 1909 by Woodhouse.
• Spongy tissue was first observed by Cheema and Dhani in 1934.
• Good mango varieties have a TSS of 20 %.
• Xavier - variety have highest TSS - 24.8 Brix.
• Maturity indices: Alphonso-SG-1.01 to 1.02 (SG)- Specific gravity Dashehari-SG-1.0
• No. of perfect (bisexual) flower: Highest— 68.9% in Langra variety, Lowest— 0.74% Rumani variety.

Flower

• Mango has male and hermaphrodite flowers.
• In mango, only 0.1% flower (perfect) develops fruits to maturity.
• Spray 2-4-D 10 PPM, to overcome this problem.
• Temperature between 24-27 °C is ideal for mango cultivation.
• Mangoes are highly susceptible to low temperature injury that’s why they should be stored above 5 °C temperature during storage.
• Storage temperature:
  • Mature fruit 6 - 7 °C
  • Ripened fruit 20 °C
  • Longevity of mango seeds: 30 days (4 weeks)

Field preparation

• Dig pits of 1 m x 1 m x 1 m fill in with topsoil mixed with 10 kg of FYM per pit.

Spacing

• Adopt any one of the following spacing depending on requirements.
• Under conventional system of planting: 7 - 10 m either way
• High Density Planting: 5m x 5m (400 plants/ha)
• Double hedge row system: Adopt a spacing of 5m x 5m within double rows and 10m between successive double rows (266 plants/ha)

Planting

• Grafting: Grafts are planted in the center of pit with ball of earth intact followed by watering and staking.
• The graft union must be 15 cm above the ground level.

Growth regulators

• NAA @ 20 ppm is sprayed at flowering to increase the fruit retention.
• Spraying of 2% KNO₃ at mustard size will increase the fruit set and retention of fruits.
• Application of Paclobutrazol @ 10 g i.e. for **non-bearing trees **during first fortnight of September will induce flowering and fruit set yield during off years.

Varieties

Types of Mango varieties

• North Indian cultivar: These are alternate bearer, monoembryonic, self-incompatible.
• South Indian varieties: These are regular bearing, polyembryonic.
• Regular bearing varieties: Neelum, Totapuri, Pairi, Gulabkhas, Himsagar.
• Alternate bearer: Langra and Deshehari
• Off season bearing: Niranjan and Madhulica
• Poly embryonic varieties: Goa, Mulgoa, Olour, Bellary, Chandrakaran
• Exotic coloured cultivars: Tommy Atkins, Zilette, Haden, Sensation, Julie
• Mulgoa is mother of all coloured cultivars of mango and useful for making preserve.
• Polyembryonic rootstocks of mango:
  • Goa
  • Mulgoa
  • Olour
  • Bellary
  • Chandrakaran
  • Villiacolumban
  • Kurukkan
  • Solan
  • Bappakai
  • Nileshwar dwarf
• Rumani is used for dwarfing effect in Dashehari.
• Olour is used for dwarfing effect in Langra & Himsagar
• Villicolumban is used for dwarfing effect in Alphonso.
• Salt resistant rootstock of mango: Kurukkan, Moovandan, Nekkare
• Malbhog variety of mango is most susceptible to water logged conditions.
• Dasheheri variety have high fruit retention.
• Langra variety have highest number of perfect flowers.
• Mango variety Mulgoa is mono-embryonic in India and polyembryonic in Florida.
• Dashehari, Langra, Chausa and Bombay green are self-incompatible mango cultivars.
• Besides Alphonso, Kesar, Gulabkhas, Lakhan bhog, Safdar pasand are exported.
• Rosica: Mutant variety of mango.
• Madhulica: Most precocious cultivar of mango.
• Mankurad
• Banglora

  

  

  

GI certified Mango variety

Hybrid Varieties

• ICAR-IIHR developed a new double cross hybrid between Amrapali (Dashehari x Neelam) x Arka Anmol (Alphonso x Janardhan Pasand). ^{UPPSC 2021}

New Varieties Released by IARI

• Pusa Surya
• Pusa Arumina: Cross between Amrapalli x Sensation (USA variety)
• Akshay: Selection from Dashehari
• Sai Sugantha: Cross between Totapuri x Kesar: Regular bear, free from malformation suitable for pulp making.

Harvesting

• Flowering occur in January and harvesting is done in May to June.

Disorders

Alternate bearing

• On year: Bears flowering.
• Off year: Bears no flowering.
• Alternate bearing has been one of the major problems.
• Most of the South Indian varieties are regular-bearer
• North Indian ones alternate-bearer.
• It is problem especially in Dashehari, Langra and Chausa.
• Management:

  

  • Cultar (Paclobutrazol) (5-10 gm/tree) is a promising chemical for flower induction in mango.
  • Planting regular bearing varieties: Amrapali, Neelam, Ratna etc.

Black tip (Due to deficiency of boron)

• Near brick kilns distal end of affected fruits get turned black and become hardened.
• Smoke of brick - kilns containing gases like CO, CO₂, SO₂ & Acetylenes are responsible for this.
• Management:
  • Orchard planting away from brick kilns at least 1 km distance.
  • Three spray of borax (0.6%) (before flowering, during flowering and at fruit set)
  • Borax contains: 11% boron.

    

Clustering (Jhumka)

• This malady is characterized by a cluster of fruitlets at the tip of the panicle giving an appearance of bunch tip called jhumka.
• Such fruits cease to grow beyond pea or marble stage and drop down after a month of fruit set.

  

Spongy tissue/ Internal Break down

• Major problem in Alphonso mango.
• Fruits from outside look normal. But inside a patch of flesh becomes spongy, yellowish and sour. ^{BOM AFO}
• This disorder has brought down the export of this variety.
• Inactivation of ripening enzyme due to high temperature, convective heat and post-harvest exposure to sunlight are the causes.
• Resistant varieties: Neelam and Deshehari are almost free from it.
• Other new resistant varieties: Arka aruna, Ratna, Arka puneet, Arka anmol etc. are free from spongy tissue.

Leaf scorching

• Due to Potassium deficiency.
• Spray Potassium Sulphate 5%.

Internal necrosis

• Boron deficiency.
• Management:
  • Application of boron /borax @ 0.6 %

Little leaf of Mango

• Due to deficiency of Zn.

Insects

• Mano mealy bug: Drasicha mangiferae: Major pest of Mango
• Mango hopper
• Mango Fruit Fly
• Stem borerStone weevil

Disease

• Powdery mildew (Major)
• Mango Malformation: Mango malformation was first observed in 1891 in Bihar.
• Anthracnose
• Sooty Mould