πŸ‘¨β€β€οΈβ€πŸ’‹β€πŸ‘¨ Method of Propagation

Sexual, Asexual and Commercial propagation methods

πŸ‘‰πŸ» Plants can be propagated by sexual and asexual means.

Sexual Methods of Propagation

  • Propagation or multiplication of plants by seeds is known as β€˜sexual propagation’. Seeds are formed as a result of successful fertilisation and combination of parental gametes.
  • It is an old and easy method and is widely used for the propagation of crops like ornamental annuals, vegetables, medicinal and fruit plants, such as papaya.

Merits of sexual propagation

  • Plants propagated by seeds live longer, are vigorous and more resistant to biotic (insect-pests and diseases) and abiotic stresses (environmental conditions).
  • It is an easy, simple and convenient method of plant propagation.
  • Some plants like papaya, marigold, chilli, capsicum, tomato, etc., cannot be propagated by asexual method.
  • It is the only means of creating genetic diversity of plants.
  • New varieties and cultivars of ornamental and vegetable crops can be developed only by this method.
  • A large number of rootstocks for budding and grafting purpose is also raised by this method.
  • Seeds can be transported easily and stored for a longer time using this method.

Demerits of sexual propagation

  • Sexually propagated plants show variations and are not genetically true-to-type to the mother plants.
  • Plants that are propagated through seeds have long gestation period, which results in delayed flowering and fruiting.
  • Plants grow vigorously and cause obstruction in intercultural practices like harvesting and spraying.
  • Advantages offered by rootstocks and scion as in asexual propagation cannot be exploited through sexual method.
  • Crop species, which do not produce seeds like pineapple, banana, strawberry, fig, jasmine, hibiscus, bougainvillea, etc., cannot multiply by this method.

Seed

  • Seed quality is considered best if pure seed % is above 98%. Moisture content: 6-8% Germination %: 60-70%.

Dormancy

  • Inability of viable seed to germinate.
  • Hard seed coat dormancy: Ber, Guava, Walnut
  • Dormancy due to presence of ABA β€” temperate fruits
  • Seeds of tropical and subtropical fruits are sown during monsoon.
  • In Walnut, Pecanut, Jackfruit, Ber-sowing of seeds in insitu is recommended.
  • Orthodox seeds: Seeds remain viable for long time at low temperature.
  • Recalcitrant seed: Seeds don’t remain viable for long time at low temperature. So they should be sown immediately after extraction.
    • Example: 1. Mango 2. Citrus 3. Litchi 4. Loquat 5. Mangosteen 6. Avocado 7. Jack fruit 8. Rambutan 9. Barbados Cherry

Methods to break dormancy

  • Scarification: Process of breaking or softening the seed covering to make it permeable to water and gases.
    • Mechanically: Ber, Walnut, Peach
    • By Hot water: Guava, Strawberry
    • By Acid: KNO3
  • Stratification: Seeds are subjected to low temperature (Chilling temp) to break dormancy - Apple, Pear, Peach, Apricot
  • Chemical treatment: Seeds are treated with 0.2% KNO3 (Potassium nitrate)
  • Use of hormones: 1. 100-500 ppm GA; 2. Etheral (500 ppm) 3. BA (10-20 ppm) (F) Cryopreservation: Storage in liquid N, at - 196 Β°C temperature or liquid CO2 at 43 Β°C temperature.
  • Cryoprotactants: 1. Glycerol 2. DMSO (Dimethyl-sulphoxide)

Asexual Methods of Propagation

  • It is also called β€˜vegetative propagation’. The vegetative parts of a plant like leaf, stem, root or their modified forms are used for propagation.
  • Most of the horticultural crops are commercially propagated by vegetative or asexual method of propagation.
  • Most of the fruit crops are propagated by vegetative means.
  • Types
    • Cutting
    • Layering
    • Grafting
    • Propagation by specialized organs

βœ… Merits of asexual propagation

  • Many fruit and ornamental plants that do not produce seeds are multiplied by this method.
  • Plants propagated by asexual propagation are true-to-type genetically.
  • By top working (using budding and grafting), old and economically low productive fruit plants can be converted into superior ones.
  • Advantages offered by rootstocks and scion can be exploited through asexual method.
  • Maturity is uniform and the plant gives quality yield.
  • Plants propagated by asexual method are small in size, so spraying of chemicals and harvesting are easy.
  • This method enables noble plant production, e.g., different colours of flowers in a single rose plant and different types of mangoes in one mango plant can be produced through asexual method only.

❌ Demerits of asexual propagation

  • By vegetative propagation, new varieties cannot be developed.
  • It requires specialised skills, so it is an expensive method of propagation.
  • The life span of asexually propagated plants is short as compared to sexually propagated ones.
  • These plants are more prone to biotic and abiotic stresses.

Tissue Culture (Micro propagation)

  • It is a technique for growing plant tissues isolated from the parent plant in an artificial medium and controlled environment over a prolonged period under aseptic conditions.
  • It is used on commercial scale in banana, gerbera, orchid, carnation, anthurium, etc.
  • It is based on the phenomenon of totipotency of a cell, which denotes the capacity of a plant cell to regenerate into a full-fledged plant having different organs.
  • Callus is produced on explant in vitro due to wounding and growth substances, either endogenous or supplied exogenous in the medium.
  • By using this technique, a large number of true-to-type virus-free saplings can be produced in a short span.
  • Types
    • Callus culture
    • Cell culture
    • Meristem culture: Virus free plants are obtained
    • Organ culture
    • Protoplast culture
    • Shoot tip culture technique produce female plant in Banana.
    • Micro Grafting: Citrus
  • Shoot tips and Micro-cuttings are highly suitable ex-plant for faster and disease free grape production.

Plant propagation by specialised organs

  • Specialised organs are modified stems or roots, developing above the ground surface or underground, which may be used for multiplication of plants.
  • In horticulture, bulbous ornamentals include bulbs, corms, tubers, tuberous roots and rhizomes.

Bulb

  • Bulb is a specialised underground structure having a flat basal stem and surrounded by fleshy scales.
  • E.g., Onion.

Corm

  • Corm is an underground modified solid or compressed stem oriented vertically in the side having nodes and buds.
  • E.g. Gladiolus etc.

Tuber

  • It is an underground storage organ having special swollen modified stem or roots.
  • E.g.
    • Root tuber like dahlia, caladium, dioscorea, Jerusalem artichoke, etc. and
    • Stem tuber like potato, begonia etc.

Rhizome

  • A modified stem of some plant growing horizontally just below the ground surface
  • E.g. ginger etc.

Runner

  • It is a modified stalk, which is creeping in nature, produced in the leaf axil and grows out from the parent plant.
  • It grows horizontally along the ground, where roots are produced at the nodes, which can be used to produce new plants.
  • E.g., Strawberry (typical example) doob grass, chlorophytum, etc.

Sucker

  • It is a special shoot arising from the root or stem portion of a plant below the ground level.
  • E.g., Banana, chrysanthemum (stem), Clerodendron splendens (root suckers), anthurium, etc.

Offsets

  • Date palm

Commercial propagation methods of major fruit crops

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