🫐 Other Fruits

Apple, Grapes, Walnut, Strawberry, Fig

Apple

  • Botanical Name: Malus pumila
  • Family: Rosaceae
  • King of temperate fruits.
  • Storage temperature of apple is 0 to 1.1 °C.
  • Cider is made from apple after fermentation.
  • Commercial method of propagation in apple is tounge grafting.

Varieties

Other Important Varities:

  • Gala: A sweet, crisp apple with a distinctive yellow-orange skin.
  • Granny Smith: A tart, crisp apple with a bright green skin.
  • Honeycrisp: A sweet, juicy apple with a crisp texture and red-and-yellow skin.
  • Fuji: A sweet, juicy apple with a yellow-green skin with red highlights.
  • Pink Lady: A tangy, sweet apple with a pinkish-red skin.
  • Red Delicious: A sweet, mildly tart apple with a bright red skin.
  • Golden Delicious: A sweet, juicy apple with a golden yellow skin.
  • Braeburn: A crisp, sweet-tart apple with a red and green skin.

Root stocks of Apple

Diseases

  • Crown Gall – Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Bacteria)
  • Fire Blight of apple and pear – Erwinia amylovora
  • Apple Scab - Venturia subinaequalis (Fungi)
  • Water core: B deficiency
  • Bitter pit and cracking: Ca deficiency

Insect of apple/pear/peach

  • Sanjose scale: Quadraspidiotus perniciosus
    • Suck the cell sap from leaves, twigs and fruits, the infested fruits also have a scaly appearance & each spot is surrounded by a scarlet or red area.
    • Important parasitoid of sanjose is Encarsia perniciosi
  • Wooly apple aphid: Eriosoma lanigerum
    • The infested plants have pale-green leaves and whitish cotton patches on stem and branches, characteristic galls/knots are formed on roots & underground portion of plants.
    • Its main parasitoid is Aphelinus mali

Grapes

  • Botanical Name: Vitis vinifera
  • Family: Vitaceae
  • Ideal time of planting unrooted grape cuttings (Hardwood-cutting) is October.
  • Rooted cuttings are planted in January–February.
  • Grape is a deciduous crop.
  • Propagated by hard wood cuttings.
  • Thompson seedless with its clone occupies 55% area under grape cultivation.
  • Element that is universal deficient in grape is Mg.
  • Tartaric acid is present in grape fruits
  • The chemical used to reduce post-harvest fruit drop in grape is NAA (50 ppm).
  • Outstanding cultivar of raisin (dehydrated grape) is Kismis Rely
  • Dogridge is a salt tolerant root stock of grape.
  • Viticulture: Production and marketing of grapes.
  • Oenology: All aspects of wine and winemaking.

Pruning

  • North India (Summer Crop): Pruning is done in December-January.
  • South India (Monsoon Crop): Two Pruning are done. 1st in April - May (back or foundation pruning) and 2nd in October.
  • In Maharashtra and Karnataka wines are pruned twice in the month of April and October. AFO-2021

Varieties

Physiological disorder

  • Hen and chicken disease - Boron deficiency
  • Berry or blossom drop – improper pollination & fertilization.
  • Pink berry - high temperature (common in Thompson seedless)
  • Calyx end rot: Ca deficiency

Disease

  • Downy mildew: Plasmophora viticola (Major)
  • Powdery mildew: Erysiphe viti

Insect

  • Thrips: Rhiphiphothrips cruntatus
    • It can be managed by spray Malathion 50 EC @ 1 ml/liter
  • Flea beetle: Scelodenta strigicollis
  • It is managed by spray carbaryl 50 WP @ 2.5 kg/ha of orchard.

Training system for grape vines

  1. Kniffin: (also known as 4 - canes system)
  2. Head system: (suitable for less vigorous cultivar & it is very simple and inexpensive)
  3. Telephone system (6 - canes system, suitable for vigorous cultivar).
  4. Bower system: Training system of grapes which is mostly adopted in India.

Walnut

  • King of nut crops. (Queen = Peanut).

Fig

Caprification

  • Artificial pollination of figs that usually bear only pistillate flowers by hanging male flowering branches of the caprifig in the trees to facilitate pollen transfer by a fig wasp.

Pineapple

  • Leaf fiber is obtained from pineapple.

Strawberry

  • Albinism: This is a physiological disorder of strawberry, due to lack of fruit colour during ripening in which fruit remain irregular pink or even totally white and sometimes swollen beside having acid test and become less firm. RRB SO 2021

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