✂️Propagation Methods
Cutting, budding, grafting, layering and other asexual propagation methods for competitive exams
Plant propagation is the process of creating new plants. It is broadly classified into sexual propagation (by seeds) and asexual/vegetative propagation (by plant parts other than seeds). This lesson focuses on the major asexual propagation methods essential for IBPS-AFO, NABARD, and ICAR competitive exams.
IMPORTANT
Asexual propagation produces plants that are genetically identical (clones) to the parent plant, ensuring true-to-type progeny. This is the primary reason it is preferred in commercial horticulture.
A. Cutting
A cutting is a vegetative plant part that is severed from the parent plant and induced to form roots and shoots under favorable conditions.
1. Stem Cutting
Stem cuttings are the most common type. They are classified by the maturity of the wood:
| Type | Age of Wood | Length | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hardwood cutting | 1 year old (dormant, leafless) | 10–45 cm | Pomegranate, Rose, Grape, Fig, Pear |
| Semi-hardwood cutting | 4–9 months (partially mature) | 7–20 cm | Mango, Guava, Lemon, Jackfruit, Aonla |
| Softwood cutting | 2–3 months (current season growth) | 10–15 cm | Apple, Peach, Guava |
| Herbaceous cutting | 1–2 months (succulent, non-woody) | Variable | Alternanthera, Coleus, Chrysanthemum |
TIP
Exam Trick: Remember hardwood cuttings as “PROFiG” — Pomegranate, Rose, O (zero = round shape of Grape), Fig, Grape.
2. Root Cutting
Roots pieces are used to regenerate new plants. Examples: Apple, Pear, Guava, Bael.
3. Leaf Cutting
Leaves with petiole or leaf pieces are used. The classic example is Begonia (leaf pieces with veins placed on moist sand produce new plantlets).
NOTE
IBA (Indole-3-Butyric Acid) is the most widely used auxin for promoting rooting in cuttings. NAA (Naphthalene Acetic Acid) is the second most common.
B. Budding
Budding is a method of vegetative propagation where a single bud (scion) is joined to a rootstock. The junction point where scion and rootstock unite is called the matrix.
IMPORTANT
In budding, the scion consists of only one bud with a small piece of bark (bud shield/patch). This distinguishes it from grafting where the scion has more than one bud.
Types of Budding
| Type | Key Feature | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Shield/T-budding | Most common; T-shaped cut on rootstock bark | Rose, Apple, Pear, Peach, Sweet Orange |
| Patch budding | Rectangular patch of bark removed; suited for thick-barked plants | Jackfruit, Aonla, Mango |
| Chip budding | Used when there is lack of sap flow (bark not slipping) | Apple, Pear, Grape |
| Ring budding | Complete ring of bark with bud removed and placed on rootstock | Ber, Peach, Mulberry |
| Modified ring budding | Variation of ring budding for difficult species | Guava, Ber, Walnut |
| Forkert budding | Designed for dry/arid climates; bark flap retained | Mango, Jackfruit, Cashewnut |
TIP
Exam Fact: T-budding is the most widely practiced budding method worldwide. It requires active cambial growth (bark should slip easily).
C. Grafting
Grafting is a method of vegetative propagation in which a scion stick (a piece of shoot with more than one bud) is connected to a rootstock so that the two grow together as a single plant.
IMPORTANT
Key difference: Budding uses a single bud as scion. Grafting uses a scion stick with multiple buds.
Types of Grafting
| Type | Key Feature | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Veneer grafting | Shallow downward cut on rootstock side; most common for Mango | Mango (best time: May–September) |
| Whip grafting | Long sloping cut; scion and rootstock of same diameter | Apple, Walnut, Pear |
| Tongue grafting | Modified whip graft with interlocking tongue cuts for better cambium contact | Apple, Pear, Walnut |
| Cleft grafting | Oldest method of grafting; vertical split in rootstock | Mango, Grape |
| Wedge grafting | V-shaped scion inserted into rootstock; used for old trees | Old/rejuvenated trees |
| Bridge grafting | Repairs damaged collar/bark region; bridges the girdled area | Apple, Cherry, Pear, Walnut |
| Epicotyl/Stone grafting | Done on young seedlings (8–15 days old) with coppery-colored leaves | Mango (95% success, June–July) |
| Softwood grafting | Scion from current season’s growth (soft, green) | Mango, Sapota, Tamarind |
| Inarching (Approach grafting) | Scion remains attached to mother plant until union forms | Mango, Sapota, Jackfruit, Loquat, Custard apple |
| Double working | Uses an interstock between scion and rootstock to overcome incompatibility | Pear (interstock: Beurre Hardy) |
| Top working | Grafting scions onto main branches of an established tree for rejuvenation/variety change | Old orchard conversion |
TIP
Exam Favorite: Epicotyl (Stone) grafting in Mango gives up to 95% success rate. Done in June–July on seedlings with coppery-colored leaves that are 8–15 days old.
ICAR Classification of Grafting
NOTE
ICAR classifies grafting based on the relationship between scion and rootstock during the grafting process.
I. Detached Scion Grafting (scion completely separated from mother plant before grafting):
| Placement | Sub-types |
|---|---|
| Apical (top of rootstock) | Whip, Tongue, Cleft, Wedge, Saddle, Four-flap |
| Side (side of rootstock) | Side-veneer, Side-tongue |
| Bark (under bark) | Bark/Rind grafting |
| Root (onto root piece) | Root grafting |
II. Approach Grafting (both scion and rootstock remain on their own roots during union):
- Spliced approach, Tongued approach, Inlay approach
III. Repair Grafting (to repair damaged plants):
- Inarching, Bridge grafting, Bracing
D. Layering
Layering is a method of vegetative propagation in which a branch (stem) is made to develop roots while still attached to the mother plant. Once rooted, the branch is separated to form an independent plant.
Types of Layering
| Type | Key Feature | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Simple layering | A low-growing branch is bent to the ground and buried | Guava, Hazelnut |
| Compound/Serpentine layering | One-year-old branch alternately covered and exposed along its length | Jasmine, climbing plants |
| Continuous/Trench layering | Entire branch buried in a trench at 45° angle; suited for woody plants | Apple, Pear, Cherry |
| Air layering (Marcottage/Gootee/Chinese layering) | Bark girdled on aerial branch, wrapped with moist sphagnum moss; introduced from China | Litchi, Guava, Mango |
| Mound/Stool layering | Mother plant cut back; soil mounded around new shoots | Apple, Pear, Quince, Gooseberry |
| Tip layering | Simplest method; shoot tip buried 5–10 cm deep; roots within a month | Raspberry, Blackberry |
IMPORTANT
Air Layering (Gootee) is the most important layering method for exams:
- Also called Marcottage, Gootee, or Chinese layering
- Introduced from China
- IBA 3000–5000 ppm is applied to the girdled region to promote rooting
- Best time: July–August (rainy season)
- Most successful in: Litchi, Guava, Mango
NOTE
Mound/Stool layering: Also uses IBA 3000–5000 ppm. Roots develop in 30–40 days. Commonly used for clonal rootstock production in Apple and Pear.
E. Separation and Division
Separation
Plants that naturally produce bulbs, corms, tubers, or offsets can be propagated by separation — detaching the naturally formed propagules.
| Structure | Examples |
|---|---|
| Bulbs | Onion, Garlic, Tulip, Lily |
| Corms | Gladiolus, Saffron, Colocasia |
| Tubers | Potato, Dahlia |
| Offsets/Suckers | Banana, Pineapple, Date palm |
| Runners | Strawberry |
Division
The mother plant is physically divided into two or more parts, each with roots and shoots. Used in clump-forming plants.
Examples: Chrysanthemum, Gerbera, Bird of Paradise.
TIP
Separation vs. Division: In separation, natural propagules (bulbs, corms) are detached. In division, the plant crown is physically cut into parts.
Quick Reference: Propagation Methods × Fruit Crops
| Fruit Crop | Primary Propagation Method(s) |
|---|---|
| Mango | Veneer grafting, Epicotyl grafting, Softwood grafting, Inarching, Air layering |
| Apple | Whip/Tongue grafting, T-budding, Stool layering |
| Grape | Hardwood cutting, Chip budding |
| Guava | Air layering (Gootee), Softwood cutting, Simple layering |
| Litchi | Air layering (Gootee) |
| Pomegranate | Hardwood cutting |
| Rose | T-budding, Hardwood cutting |
| Fig | Hardwood cutting |
| Pear | Whip/Tongue grafting, Stool layering, Bridge grafting |
| Walnut | Whip grafting, Modified ring budding |
| Sapota | Inarching, Softwood grafting |
| Jackfruit | Patch budding, Forkert budding, Inarching |
| Aonla | Patch budding, Semi-hardwood cutting |
| Ber | Ring budding, Modified ring budding |
| Peach | T-budding, Softwood cutting |
| Citrus (Sweet Orange, Lemon) | T-budding, Semi-hardwood cutting |
| Cashewnut | Forkert budding, Softwood grafting |
| Banana | Suckers (separation), Tissue culture |
| Pineapple | Crown, Slip, Sucker (separation) |
| Strawberry | Runners (separation) |
| Custard Apple | Inarching |
| Loquat | Inarching |
| Tamarind | Softwood grafting |
| Cherry | Bridge grafting, Trench layering |
Key Terms for Quick Revision
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Scion | Upper part (bud or stick) that becomes the shoot system |
| Rootstock | Lower part that provides the root system |
| Matrix | Junction point where scion and rootstock unite (in budding) |
| Interstock | Intermediate piece between scion and rootstock (double working) |
| Marcottage | Another name for air layering |
| Gootee | Hindi term for air layering |
| IBA | Indole-3-Butyric Acid — most common rooting hormone |
| NAA | Naphthalene Acetic Acid — second most common rooting hormone |
| Cambium | Actively dividing tissue layer; must align for successful graft union |
| Callus | Mass of undifferentiated cells formed at the graft union |
| Polarity | Scion must be placed right-side-up for successful grafting |
Propagation Method Selection: Which Method for Which Crop?
The most tested topic in horticulture — know which fruit uses which propagation:
| Method | How It Works | Crops Propagated | Why This Method |
|---|---|---|---|
| Seed (sexual) | Direct sowing or nursery seedlings | Papaya, coconut, arecanut | True-to-type not needed; vigorous seedling root system |
| Hardwood cutting | Mature stem pieces planted in soil | Pomegranate, grape, fig, rose | Easy, cheap, true-to-type; roots readily |
| Air layering (gootee) | Root induced on branch while attached to mother plant | Litchi, guava, sapota, lemon | Crops that don’t root easily from cuttings |
| Budding (T-budding, shield) | Single bud inserted into rootstock bark | Citrus, rose, rubber | Fastest; uses minimum scion material; good for commercial nurseries |
| Grafting (veneer, cleft, softwood) | Scion stick joined to rootstock | Mango, sapota, avocado, walnut | When budding is difficult; strong graft union |
| Tissue culture (micropropagation) | Lab-based from meristems | Banana, strawberry, orchids, date palm | Virus-free plants; mass multiplication; uniform planting material |
| Sucker/offset | Division of natural vegetative offshoot | Banana, pineapple | Natural clonal propagation; readily available |
Decision logic for exams:
- “Which propagation method?” → match crop to method above
- “Why grafting and not seed?” → Because most fruit crops are highly heterozygous — seedlings won’t be true-to-type (each seedling is genetically different from parent)
- “Why rootstock matters?” → Rootstock provides vigour, disease resistance, soil adaptation while scion provides desired fruit quality
Common exam trap: Mango is propagated by veneer grafting (most common in India) or inarching (traditional), NOT by budding. Citrus is propagated by T-budding, NOT by grafting. Know the crop-method match precisely.
Summary Cheat Sheet
| Fact | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hardwood cutting examples | Pomegranate, Rose, Grape, Fig, Pear |
| Most common rooting hormone | IBA (Indole-3-Butyric Acid) |
| Budding vs Grafting scion | Budding = single bud; Grafting = multiple buds |
| Most common budding method | T-budding (Shield budding) |
| Patch budding used for | Thick-barked plants (Jackfruit, Aonla, Mango) |
| Forkert budding suited for | Dry / arid climates |
| Best grafting method for Mango | Veneer grafting |
| Epicotyl grafting success rate | 95% (June-July, 8-15 day old seedlings) |
| Oldest grafting method | Cleft grafting |
| Bridge grafting purpose | Repairs damaged bark / collar region |
| Air layering also called | Marcottage / Gootee / Chinese layering |
| Air layering introduced from | China |
| IBA dose for air layering | 3000-5000 ppm |
| Tip layering is the | Simplest layering method |
| Mound layering used for | Apple and Pear rootstock production |
| Strawberry propagated by | Runners (separation) |
| Banana propagated by | Suckers and tissue culture |
| Double working interstock for Pear | Beurre Hardy |
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Plant propagation is the process of creating new plants. It is broadly classified into sexual propagation (by seeds) and asexual/vegetative propagation (by plant parts other than seeds). This lesson focuses on the major asexual propagation methods essential for IBPS-AFO, NABARD, and ICAR competitive exams.
IMPORTANT
Asexual propagation produces plants that are genetically identical (clones) to the parent plant, ensuring true-to-type progeny. This is the primary reason it is preferred in commercial horticulture.
A. Cutting
A cutting is a vegetative plant part that is severed from the parent plant and induced to form roots and shoots under favorable conditions.
1. Stem Cutting
Stem cuttings are the most common type. They are classified by the maturity of the wood:
| Type | Age of Wood | Length | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hardwood cutting | 1 year old (dormant, leafless) | 10–45 cm | Pomegranate, Rose, Grape, Fig, Pear |
| Semi-hardwood cutting | 4–9 months (partially mature) | 7–20 cm | Mango, Guava, Lemon, Jackfruit, Aonla |
| Softwood cutting | 2–3 months (current season growth) | 10–15 cm | Apple, Peach, Guava |
| Herbaceous cutting | 1–2 months (succulent, non-woody) | Variable | Alternanthera, Coleus, Chrysanthemum |
TIP
Exam Trick: Remember hardwood cuttings as “PROFiG” — Pomegranate, Rose, O (zero = round shape of Grape), Fig, Grape.
2. Root Cutting
Roots pieces are used to regenerate new plants. Examples: Apple, Pear, Guava, Bael.
3. Leaf Cutting
Leaves with petiole or leaf pieces are used. The classic example is Begonia (leaf pieces with veins placed on moist sand produce new plantlets).
NOTE
IBA (Indole-3-Butyric Acid) is the most widely used auxin for promoting rooting in cuttings. NAA (Naphthalene Acetic Acid) is the second most common.
B. Budding
Budding is a method of vegetative propagation where a single bud (scion) is joined to a rootstock. The junction point where scion and rootstock unite is called the matrix.
IMPORTANT
In budding, the scion consists of only one bud with a small piece of bark (bud shield/patch). This distinguishes it from grafting where the scion has more than one bud.
Types of Budding
| Type | Key Feature | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Shield/T-budding | Most common; T-shaped cut on rootstock bark | Rose, Apple, Pear, Peach, Sweet Orange |
| Patch budding | Rectangular patch of bark removed; suited for thick-barked plants | Jackfruit, Aonla, Mango |
| Chip budding | Used when there is lack of sap flow (bark not slipping) | Apple, Pear, Grape |
| Ring budding | Complete ring of bark with bud removed and placed on rootstock | Ber, Peach, Mulberry |
| Modified ring budding | Variation of ring budding for difficult species | Guava, Ber, Walnut |
| Forkert budding | Designed for dry/arid climates; bark flap retained | Mango, Jackfruit, Cashewnut |
TIP
Exam Fact: T-budding is the most widely practiced budding method worldwide. It requires active cambial growth (bark should slip easily).
C. Grafting
Grafting is a method of vegetative propagation in which a scion stick (a piece of shoot with more than one bud) is connected to a rootstock so that the two grow together as a single plant.
IMPORTANT
Key difference: Budding uses a single bud as scion. Grafting uses a scion stick with multiple buds.
Types of Grafting
| Type | Key Feature | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Veneer grafting | Shallow downward cut on rootstock side; most common for Mango | Mango (best time: May–September) |
| Whip grafting | Long sloping cut; scion and rootstock of same diameter | Apple, Walnut, Pear |
| Tongue grafting | Modified whip graft with interlocking tongue cuts for better cambium contact | Apple, Pear, Walnut |
| Cleft grafting | Oldest method of grafting; vertical split in rootstock | Mango, Grape |
| Wedge grafting | V-shaped scion inserted into rootstock; used for old trees | Old/rejuvenated trees |
| Bridge grafting | Repairs damaged collar/bark region; bridges the girdled area | Apple, Cherry, Pear, Walnut |
| Epicotyl/Stone grafting | Done on young seedlings (8–15 days old) with coppery-colored leaves | Mango (95% success, June–July) |
| Softwood grafting | Scion from current season’s growth (soft, green) | Mango, Sapota, Tamarind |
| Inarching (Approach grafting) | Scion remains attached to mother plant until union forms | Mango, Sapota, Jackfruit, Loquat, Custard apple |
| Double working | Uses an interstock between scion and rootstock to overcome incompatibility | Pear (interstock: Beurre Hardy) |
| Top working | Grafting scions onto main branches of an established tree for rejuvenation/variety change | Old orchard conversion |
TIP
Exam Favorite: Epicotyl (Stone) grafting in Mango gives up to 95% success rate. Done in June–July on seedlings with coppery-colored leaves that are 8–15 days old.
ICAR Classification of Grafting
NOTE
ICAR classifies grafting based on the relationship between scion and rootstock during the grafting process.
I. Detached Scion Grafting (scion completely separated from mother plant before grafting):
| Placement | Sub-types |
|---|---|
| Apical (top of rootstock) | Whip, Tongue, Cleft, Wedge, Saddle, Four-flap |
| Side (side of rootstock) | Side-veneer, Side-tongue |
| Bark (under bark) | Bark/Rind grafting |
| Root (onto root piece) | Root grafting |
II. Approach Grafting (both scion and rootstock remain on their own roots during union):
- Spliced approach, Tongued approach, Inlay approach
III. Repair Grafting (to repair damaged plants):
- Inarching, Bridge grafting, Bracing
D. Layering
Layering is a method of vegetative propagation in which a branch (stem) is made to develop roots while still attached to the mother plant. Once rooted, the branch is separated to form an independent plant.
Types of Layering
| Type | Key Feature | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Simple layering | A low-growing branch is bent to the ground and buried | Guava, Hazelnut |
| Compound/Serpentine layering | One-year-old branch alternately covered and exposed along its length | Jasmine, climbing plants |
| Continuous/Trench layering | Entire branch buried in a trench at 45° angle; suited for woody plants | Apple, Pear, Cherry |
| Air layering (Marcottage/Gootee/Chinese layering) | Bark girdled on aerial branch, wrapped with moist sphagnum moss; introduced from China | Litchi, Guava, Mango |
| Mound/Stool layering | Mother plant cut back; soil mounded around new shoots | Apple, Pear, Quince, Gooseberry |
| Tip layering | Simplest method; shoot tip buried 5–10 cm deep; roots within a month | Raspberry, Blackberry |
IMPORTANT
Air Layering (Gootee) is the most important layering method for exams:
- Also called Marcottage, Gootee, or Chinese layering
- Introduced from China
- IBA 3000–5000 ppm is applied to the girdled region to promote rooting
- Best time: July–August (rainy season)
- Most successful in: Litchi, Guava, Mango
NOTE
Mound/Stool layering: Also uses IBA 3000–5000 ppm. Roots develop in 30–40 days. Commonly used for clonal rootstock production in Apple and Pear.
E. Separation and Division
Separation
Plants that naturally produce bulbs, corms, tubers, or offsets can be propagated by separation — detaching the naturally formed propagules.
| Structure | Examples |
|---|---|
| Bulbs | Onion, Garlic, Tulip, Lily |
| Corms | Gladiolus, Saffron, Colocasia |
| Tubers | Potato, Dahlia |
| Offsets/Suckers | Banana, Pineapple, Date palm |
| Runners | Strawberry |
Division
The mother plant is physically divided into two or more parts, each with roots and shoots. Used in clump-forming plants.
Examples: Chrysanthemum, Gerbera, Bird of Paradise.
TIP
Separation vs. Division: In separation, natural propagules (bulbs, corms) are detached. In division, the plant crown is physically cut into parts.
Quick Reference: Propagation Methods × Fruit Crops
| Fruit Crop | Primary Propagation Method(s) |
|---|---|
| Mango | Veneer grafting, Epicotyl grafting, Softwood grafting, Inarching, Air layering |
| Apple | Whip/Tongue grafting, T-budding, Stool layering |
| Grape | Hardwood cutting, Chip budding |
| Guava | Air layering (Gootee), Softwood cutting, Simple layering |
| Litchi | Air layering (Gootee) |
| Pomegranate | Hardwood cutting |
| Rose | T-budding, Hardwood cutting |
| Fig | Hardwood cutting |
| Pear | Whip/Tongue grafting, Stool layering, Bridge grafting |
| Walnut | Whip grafting, Modified ring budding |
| Sapota | Inarching, Softwood grafting |
| Jackfruit | Patch budding, Forkert budding, Inarching |
| Aonla | Patch budding, Semi-hardwood cutting |
| Ber | Ring budding, Modified ring budding |
| Peach | T-budding, Softwood cutting |
| Citrus (Sweet Orange, Lemon) | T-budding, Semi-hardwood cutting |
| Cashewnut | Forkert budding, Softwood grafting |
| Banana | Suckers (separation), Tissue culture |
| Pineapple | Crown, Slip, Sucker (separation) |
| Strawberry | Runners (separation) |
| Custard Apple | Inarching |
| Loquat | Inarching |
| Tamarind | Softwood grafting |
| Cherry | Bridge grafting, Trench layering |
Key Terms for Quick Revision
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Scion | Upper part (bud or stick) that becomes the shoot system |
| Rootstock | Lower part that provides the root system |
| Matrix | Junction point where scion and rootstock unite (in budding) |
| Interstock | Intermediate piece between scion and rootstock (double working) |
| Marcottage | Another name for air layering |
| Gootee | Hindi term for air layering |
| IBA | Indole-3-Butyric Acid — most common rooting hormone |
| NAA | Naphthalene Acetic Acid — second most common rooting hormone |
| Cambium | Actively dividing tissue layer; must align for successful graft union |
| Callus | Mass of undifferentiated cells formed at the graft union |
| Polarity | Scion must be placed right-side-up for successful grafting |
Propagation Method Selection: Which Method for Which Crop?
The most tested topic in horticulture — know which fruit uses which propagation:
| Method | How It Works | Crops Propagated | Why This Method |
|---|---|---|---|
| Seed (sexual) | Direct sowing or nursery seedlings | Papaya, coconut, arecanut | True-to-type not needed; vigorous seedling root system |
| Hardwood cutting | Mature stem pieces planted in soil | Pomegranate, grape, fig, rose | Easy, cheap, true-to-type; roots readily |
| Air layering (gootee) | Root induced on branch while attached to mother plant | Litchi, guava, sapota, lemon | Crops that don’t root easily from cuttings |
| Budding (T-budding, shield) | Single bud inserted into rootstock bark | Citrus, rose, rubber | Fastest; uses minimum scion material; good for commercial nurseries |
| Grafting (veneer, cleft, softwood) | Scion stick joined to rootstock | Mango, sapota, avocado, walnut | When budding is difficult; strong graft union |
| Tissue culture (micropropagation) | Lab-based from meristems | Banana, strawberry, orchids, date palm | Virus-free plants; mass multiplication; uniform planting material |
| Sucker/offset | Division of natural vegetative offshoot | Banana, pineapple | Natural clonal propagation; readily available |
Decision logic for exams:
- “Which propagation method?” → match crop to method above
- “Why grafting and not seed?” → Because most fruit crops are highly heterozygous — seedlings won’t be true-to-type (each seedling is genetically different from parent)
- “Why rootstock matters?” → Rootstock provides vigour, disease resistance, soil adaptation while scion provides desired fruit quality
Common exam trap: Mango is propagated by veneer grafting (most common in India) or inarching (traditional), NOT by budding. Citrus is propagated by T-budding, NOT by grafting. Know the crop-method match precisely.
Summary Cheat Sheet
| Fact | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hardwood cutting examples | Pomegranate, Rose, Grape, Fig, Pear |
| Most common rooting hormone | IBA (Indole-3-Butyric Acid) |
| Budding vs Grafting scion | Budding = single bud; Grafting = multiple buds |
| Most common budding method | T-budding (Shield budding) |
| Patch budding used for | Thick-barked plants (Jackfruit, Aonla, Mango) |
| Forkert budding suited for | Dry / arid climates |
| Best grafting method for Mango | Veneer grafting |
| Epicotyl grafting success rate | 95% (June-July, 8-15 day old seedlings) |
| Oldest grafting method | Cleft grafting |
| Bridge grafting purpose | Repairs damaged bark / collar region |
| Air layering also called | Marcottage / Gootee / Chinese layering |
| Air layering introduced from | China |
| IBA dose for air layering | 3000-5000 ppm |
| Tip layering is the | Simplest layering method |
| Mound layering used for | Apple and Pear rootstock production |
| Strawberry propagated by | Runners (separation) |
| Banana propagated by | Suckers and tissue culture |
| Double working interstock for Pear | Beurre Hardy |
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