Courses › … › genetics plant breeding › gpbr212 breeding of field and horticultural crops
Lesson
14 of 28

🌼 Sesame Breeding

Breeding objectives, floral biology, and varietal improvement in sesame or gingelly.

This lesson covers core breeding concepts and exam-relevant points for quick understanding and revision.

Sesamum indicum 2n = 26 Centre of origin : Africa Related species : So far 36 species were recorded in the genus sesamum 20 of them occur in Africa.

Wild species utilised in breeding programme

S. alatum 2n = 26 Resistant to phyllody S.alatum x S.indicum alatum is having dormancy. S. malabaricum (2n = 26) Occurs in Travancore of Kerala. It freely crosses with cultivated gingelly. Oil content is low 32% It is utilised to induce male sterility in cultivated sesame. S.laciniatum 2n = 32 Tolerant to phyllody, drought and jassid resistant. Fertile auto allopoly ploid produced by crossing S.indicum x S. laciniatum

Sterile, Double. S.prostratum occurs in S.India (2n = 26) Tolerant to drought.

Breeding objectives

1. Breeding high yielding varieties tolerant to drought.

Breeding white seeded varieties

Finest quality of oil is obtained from white seeded lines.

3. Development of mono stemmed varieties. By this more population per unit area and yield can be increased. Monostemmed varieties are low yielders.

4. Development of multicapsule / axil and multicarpellary varieties.

  1. Rice fallow varieties : Shorter in duration.

  2. Non- shattering varieties African lines.

  3. Resistant to disease Powdery mildew; Phyllody - transfer from wild species.

Breeding Methods :

  1. Introduction : African lines.

  2. Pure line selection. TMV4 - Sattur local TMV5 - Srivaikundam local TMV6 - Andhra local. SVPR1 - Western Ghat white seed variety

  3. Hybridization and selection . a) Inter varietial Co1 (TMV 3 x SI 1878) x SI 1878, TMV 3 (S.A local x Malabar local), Paiyur-1

b) Inter specific : Male sterile lines evolved by crossing with S.malabaricum.

  1. Population improvement

  2. Poly ploidy breeding

  3. Heterosis breeding Epipetalous nature makes emasculation and crossing easier Use of CMS lines is also being attempted.

  4. Embryo rescue technique.

SESAMUM VARIETIES FOR TAMIL NADU

Variety Parentage Duration Co 1 (TMV 3 x SI 1878) x SI 1878 90 TMV 3 South Arcot local x Malabar local 80 TMV 4 Pure line selection 80 TMV 5 PLS from Srivaikundam local 80 TMV 6 Selection from Andhra local 85 SVPR 1 Selection from Western Ghat white 80 Paiyur 1 SI 2511 x SI 2314 90 VRI 1 Selection from Tripathur local 75

MUSTARD and RAPE SEED

Brassica sp (2n = 16, 18, 20, 22, 36, 38 and 48)

Brassicaceae or cruciferae

The genus Brassica contains more than 3000 species of which 40 are of economic importance. Cultivated brassica can be broadly divided in to two distinct types viz.

Vegetable type : Cabbage, Cauliflower, turnip

Oil seed type - Rape seed and mustard.

Taxonomy : Harberd (1972) examined 85 species of Brassica and grouped species of the genus into cytodemes. These cytodemes are composed of different species with the same chromosome number and which are cross fertile and other having species with different chromosome number and cross infertile. According to him most important agricultural species are four diploids, three allopolyploids, each belong to a separate cytodeme.

Four diploids are :

  1. B.nigra - Black mustard
  2. B.oleracea - Cabbage
  3. B.campestris - Rape seed.
  4. B.tourne frotii - Wild turnip

Three allopoly ploids

  1. B.napus - Rape seed of Europe
  2. B.juncea - Indian mustard
  3. B.carinata - sthipplam mustard (veg / oil seed)

The genetical relationship between the oilseed brassicas are diagramaticaly represented as follows.

B. nigra BB

n= 8

B.carinata BC B.juncea AB n= 17 n = 18

B.oleracea CC B.napus AC B.campestris AA n = 9 n = 19 n = 10

B .napus will cross readily with B .campestris but with extreme difficulty in case of B.oleracea .

Rape seed

Botanical

name

  1. Brassica compestris

2n Economic characters

20 Indian Rape Seed. Self sterile in nature. Important oil seed crop of North India. 3 Cultivated types. B .campestris var. Brown sarson B. campestris var. Yellow sarson

B. campestris var. toria 2. B .napus 38 European Rape Seed. Self fertile.

Mustard

  1. B.nigra 16 Black mustard : Native of Eurasia. 28% fixed oil. Used as medicine pungent due to glucoside sinigrin.
  2. B.alba 24 White mustard : Young seedling used as Salad, yellowish seed 30 % oil.
  3. B.juncea 36 Indian mustard . RAI 35% oil. Leaves used as herb contains sinigrin.

MUSTARD

Breeding objectives :

  1. Seed yield : Yield is the end product of many biological processes which are under control of complex polygenic systems. An ideal plant type is having increased branch number, pods per plant, seeds per pod and seed size. Further yield increase could result from increase in biomass and harvest index. Increased biomass can result from reduced photo respiration and increased light saturated rate of photosynthesis.

2 Early maturity : For use in various multiple cropping sequence.

  1. Resistance to abiotic factors Frost resistance is needed to prevent yield losses. Winter hardiness is very important.

  2. Resistance to biotic stress Powdery mildew Black leg Sclerotinia rot, alternaria blight mustard aphid - so far no resistance source identified.

  3. Herbicide resistance : (Atrazine simabine) A few sources of resistance is available.

  4. Shattering resistance B.napus - highly shattering B. juncea - tolerant. Introgressive breeding done.

  5. Increased oil content and quality High oil content 45% yellow seed varieties > oil. For industrial purpose > Erucic acid. Development of low erucic acid cultivars for edible purpose. Reduced linolenic acid content is also desirable.

  6. Meal quality Meal having less Glucosinolate content.

Breeding methods :

Introduction - Regina from Sweeden

Simple selection

E.G. Seeta, Krishna, Kranti.

Hybridization and selection

Intervarietal

a) Bulk method b) Pedigree method c) single seed descent

Inter specific

Back cross method

Population improvement

R S, mass selection

  1. Heterosis breeding CMS lines

  2. Mutation breeding E.G. Regina, RLM 198

Tissue culture technique for production of homozygous diploids

Saline resistance screening. Induction of mutation in haploids.

9. Embryo rescue technique for inter specific crosses.

Summary Cheat Sheet

Focus Area Key Takeaway
Core concept Review the major breeding principles and crop-specific applications from this lesson.
Exam prep Prioritize objectives, methods, and named varieties/species for recall.
Quick revision Re-read headings and key lists to retain high-yield facts.

References

1 source • [1]

[1]

Standard Plant Breeding Class Notes (GPBR212)

Book

Lesson Doubts

Ask questions, get expert answers