π Seed Germination
Seed Germination.
Seed germination is the restart of metabolic activity in a viable seed under favorable conditions. The sequence from imbibition to seedling emergence and the basis of seed dormancy are both high-yield exam topics.
The process of seed germination starts with the imbibition of water by seed coat and
emergence of growing root tip of embryo. The process ends with the development of embryo
into a seedling.
Physiological and biochemical changes during seed germination
- Water uptake
Seed germination starts with the imbibition of water by dry seed coat. Due to
imbibition of water, the seed coats become 1) More permeable to O2 and water and 2) less
resistant to outward growth of embryo.
- Respiration
Rapid increase in respiration rate of embryo occurs. Sucrose is probably the
respiratory substrate at this stage which is provided by endosperm.
- Mobilization of reserve materials
As germination progresses, there is mobilization of reserve materials to provide.
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Seed germination is the restart of metabolic activity in a viable seed under favorable conditions. The sequence from imbibition to seedling emergence and the basis of seed dormancy are both high-yield exam topics.
The process of seed germination starts with the imbibition of water by seed coat and
emergence of growing root tip of embryo. The process ends with the development of embryo
into a seedling.
Physiological and biochemical changes during seed germination
- Water uptake
Seed germination starts with the imbibition of water by dry seed coat. Due to
imbibition of water, the seed coats become 1) More permeable to O2 and water and 2) less
resistant to outward growth of embryo.
- Respiration
Rapid increase in respiration rate of embryo occurs. Sucrose is probably the
respiratory substrate at this stage which is provided by endosperm.
- Mobilization of reserve materials
As germination progresses, there is mobilization of reserve materials to provide.
-
building blocks for the development of embryo
-
energy for the biosynthetic process and
-
nucleic acids for control of protein synthesis and embryonic development
Changes in these components are as follows
i) Nucleic acids
In monocots, during imbibition, there is a rapid decrease of DNA and RNA content in
the endosperm with a simultaneous increase in the embryonic axis probably due to their
transportation as such. High concentration of RNA in the embryonic axis precedes cell
division. Due to more cell division, DNA content is increased.
ii) Carbohydrates
Insoluble carbohydrates like starch are the important reserve food of cereals in the
endosperm. During germination, starch is hydrolyzed first into maltose in the presence of Ξ±
amylase and Ξ² - amylase and then maltose is converted into glucose by maltase. The glucose
is further converted into soluble sucrose and transported to growing embryonic axis. During
germination, the embryonic axis secretes gibberellic acid into the aleurone layer which
causes synthesis of Ξ±-amylase.
- Lipids
Plants like castor bean, peanut etc., store large amount of neutral lipids or fats as
reserve food in their seeds. During germination, the fats are hydrolyzed into fatty acids and
glycerol by lipase enzyme. Fatty acids are further converted into acetyl β CoA by the
process, Ξ² - oxidation. The acetyl CoA is further converted into sucrose via glyoxylate cycle
and is transported to the growing embryonic axis.
- Proteins
Some plants store proteins as reserve food in their seeds in the form of aleurone
grains. Proteins are hydrolyzed into amino acids by peptidase enzyme. The amino acids
may either provide energy by oxidation after deamination (removal of amino group) or may
be utilized in the synthesis of new proteins.
- Inorganic materials
A number of inorganic materials such as phosphate, calcium, magnesium and
potassium are also stored in seeds in the form of phytin. These stored materials are liberated
during germination due to the activity of various phosphatases including phytase.
Emergence of seedling out of the seed coat
All the changes described above gradually result in splitting of seed coat and
emergence of the growing seedling. The radical comes out first and grows downward, and
then plumule comes out and grows upward. Due to the continued growth of this seedling, the
plumule comes out of the soil, exposed to light and develops its own photosynthetic
apparatus.
Splitting of seed coat may take place either by imbibition pressure or by internal
pressure created by the growing primary root or by hydrolytic enzymes which act on cell
wall contents of seed coat and digest it (e.g. cellulose and pectinase). Sometimes the seed
coat may be extensively rotted by the activity of micro-organisms in the soil.
DORMANCY OF SEEDS
All the viable seeds have capacity to germinate if placed under suitable conditions
necessary for germination. But, some seeds fail to germinate sometimes even if placed under
the condition favourable for germination. This may be due to some internal factors or due to
specific requirement for some environmental factors. During this period, the growth of the
seed remains suspended and they are said to be in rest stage or dormant stage and this
phenomenon is called as dormancy of seeds.
Factors causing dormancy of seeds
- Seed coats impermeable to water
The seeds of certain plants especially those belonging to the familyβs leguminaceae,
solanaceae, malvaceae, etc. have very hard seed coats which are impermeable to water. The
seeds remain dormant until the impermeable layer decay by the action of soil micro
organisms.
- Seeds coats impermeable to oxygen
In many plants such as cocklebur and many grasses, the seed dormancy is due to the
impermeability of the seed coat to oxygen. However, during the period of dormancy, the
seed coat gradually becomes more permeable to oxygen so that they may germinate.
- Immaturity of the Embryo
In certain orchids, the seed dormancy is due to the immaturity of the embryos which
fail to develop fully by the time the seeds are shed. In such cases, the seeds germinate only
after a period or rest during which the development of embryo inside the seed is completed.
- Germination Inhibitors
In certain seeds, the dormancy of the seeds is due to the presence of certain
germination inhibitors like coumarin, ferulic acid, abscissic acid, etc. These may be present
in endosperm, embryo, testa or juice or pulp of fruit.
- Chilling or low temperature requirement
In certain plants such as apple, rose, peach etc, the seeds remain dormant after harvest
in the autumn as they have a low temperature or chilling requirement for germination. In
nature, this requirement is fulfilled by the winter temperatures. In such case the seeds remain
dormant throughout the winter season and germinate only in the following spring.
- Light sensitive seeds
In many species, the germination of the seeds is affected by light resulting in seed
dormancy. Such light sensitive seeds are called photo blastic . Seeds of lettuce, tomato and
tobacco are positively photo blastic and germinate only after they have been exposed to light.
On the other hand, the seeds of certain plants are negatively photo blastic and their
germination is inhibited by light.
Advantages of dormancy
- In temperature zones, the dormancy of seeds helps the plants to tide over the severe
colds which may be injurious for their vegetative and reproductive growth.
- In tropical regions, the dormancy of seeds resulting from their impermeable seed
coats ensures good chances of survival.
- Dormancy of seeds in many cereals is of utmost importance to mankind. If these
seeds germinate immediately after harvest in the field, they will become useless to
man for consumption as food.
Summary Cheat Sheet
Germination Essentials
- Germination begins with water uptake (imbibition).
- Enzyme activation mobilizes stored reserves for embryo growth.
- Radicle emergence precedes plumule emergence in normal seedling development.
- Dormancy prevents germination even when external conditions seem favorable.
Exam Traps
- Viability and dormancy are different: viable seeds may still remain dormant.
- Dormancy can arise from seed coat barriers, inhibitors, or embryo immaturity.
- Chilling and light requirements are species-specific dormancy controls.
References
1 source β’ [1]
References
Plant Physiology course notes - Seed Germination and Dormancy
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