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🍊Citrus & Grapes
Citrus fruits and grape cultivation — varieties, rootstocks, physiology and exam facts
Citrus
- Family: Rutaceae
- Origin: Northeast India / Southeast Asia
- Classification of citrus given by Tanaka & Swingle (1945)
- Citrus is a micro-nutrient loving plant (high requirement for Zn, Mn, Fe, B)
Types of Citrus
| Common Name | Botanical Name |
|---|---|
| Sweet Orange | Citrus sinensis |
| Mandarin | Citrus reticulata |
| Lime | Citrus aurantifolia |
| Lemon | Citrus limon |
| Grapefruit | Citrus paradisi |
| Pomelo | Citrus grandis / maxima |
- Nagpur: Orange City of India (famous for Nagpur mandarin)
- Coorg: Known for Coorg mandarin
- Mandarin occupies 50% area under citrus in India
- State with highest citrus production: Andhra Pradesh
Rootstocks
| Rootstock | Key Feature |
|---|---|
| Rangpur lime | Most promising for mandarin & sweet orange; drought tolerant |
| Rough lemon | Vigorous, widely used |
| Trifoliate orange | Cold hardy, resistant to Phytophthora and nematodes |
| Jambhiri (C. jambhiri) | Vigorous, drought tolerant |
| Troyer citrange | HDP rootstock (1.8 x 1.8 m), dwarfing effect |
| Flying Dragon | Ultra-dwarf rootstock |
| Adajamir (C. assamensis) | Resistant to Greening |
Propagation & Planting
- Propagation: T-budding (most common method)
- Citrus seeds don’t have dormancy — sow immediately after extraction (recalcitrant seeds)
- Polyembryony: Mandarin, sweet orange, acid lime, grapefruit are highly polyembryonic (nucellar seedlings = uniform rootstock)
- Monoembryonic: Pummelo, Tahiti lime, Citron
- Spacing: 6 m x 6 m (lime, lemon, sweet orange)
- Blooming: Three times a year — Ambe bahar, Mrig bahar, Hasta bahar
Maturity & Post-Harvest
- Maturity index: Juice content 50%
- Fruit ripening: 9 months after flowering
- Degreening: Done with Ethrel (Ethephon) to remove green colour from mature fruits
- Granulation (drying of juice vesicles) — physiological disorder, more in sweet orange and mandarin
- Fruit splitting — caused by irregular irrigation, especially after drought stress
- Limonin glycoside responsible for bitter taste in citrus juice
- Citrus rind: outer flavedo (essential oils) + inner albedo (pectin-rich)
Diseases
| Disease | Causal Organism | Key Fact |
|---|---|---|
| Citrus canker | Xanthomonas citri | Raised corky lesions on leaves, fruits, stems |
| Citrus greening (Huanglongbing) | Candidatus Liberibacter | Most destructive citrus disease worldwide |
| Tristeza virus | CTV | Transmitted by Toxoptera citricida (brown citrus aphid) |
| Citrus decline | Multiple causes | Phytophthora, nematodes, nutrient deficiency |
Exam Tip: Citrus greening (HLB) is the most destructive citrus disease globally. Tristeza virus vector is the brown citrus aphid (Toxoptera citricida) — frequently tested.
Quick Revision: Citrus Key Facts
| Parameter | Detail |
|---|---|
| Family | Rutaceae |
| Origin | NE India / SE Asia |
| Classification by | Tanaka & Swingle |
| Propagation | T-budding |
| Top Rootstock | Rangpur lime |
| Ultra-dwarf Rootstock | Flying Dragon |
| Orange City | Nagpur |
| Maturity Index | 50% juice content |
| Degreening Agent | Ethrel |
| Most Destructive Disease | Citrus greening (HLB) |
| Tristeza Vector | Toxoptera citricida |
Grapes
- Botanical Name: Vitis vinifera
- Family: Vitaceae
- Origin: Armenia / Caucasus region
- Fruit type: Berry
Production
- India: Maharashtra (Nashik) is the largest producer
- Karnataka is the second largest producer
- Nashik is known as the Grape Capital of India
Varieties
| Variety | Key Feature |
|---|---|
| Thompson Seedless (Sultanina) | Most popular, used for raisins (Kishmish) |
| Sharad Seedless | Black, table grape |
| Anab-e-Shahi | Seeded, large berries |
| Perlette | Early maturing, seedless |
| Bangalore Blue | Coloured, used for juice and wine |
| Gulabi (Muscat Hamburg) | Aromatic, muscat flavour |
- Raisins (Kishmish) are prepared from Thompson Seedless
Propagation & Training
- Propagation: Hard wood cuttings (most common method), 2-3 bud cuttings
Training Systems:
| System | Key Detail |
|---|---|
| Bower / Pandal | Most common in India, overhead canopy, suits hot climate |
| Kniffin | Two-wire trellis system |
| Telephone | Y-shaped trellis |
| Head system | No trellis, bushy growth (dry regions) |
Pruning & Growth Regulators
- Pruning is the most important operation in grape cultivation
- October pruning (forward/fruit pruning): for fruiting
- April pruning (back/foundation pruning): for vegetative growth
- Gibberellic acid (GA₃) is used for:
- Berry enlargement
- Producing seedless grapes
- Cluster elongation and thinning
Exam Tip: GA₃ application in grapes is a classic exam question. Remember: GA₃ = berry enlargement + seedlessness. October pruning = fruiting; April pruning = vegetative growth.
Diseases
| Disease | Causal Organism | Key Fact |
|---|---|---|
| Downy mildew | Plasmopara viticola | Most important disease of grapes |
| Powdery mildew | Uncinula necator | White powdery growth on leaves/berries |
| Anthracnose | Elsinoe ampelina | Also called bird’s eye rot |
- Downy mildew is the most economically significant disease, especially during humid monsoon conditions
Quick Revision: Grapes Key Facts
| Parameter | Detail |
|---|---|
| Botanical Name | Vitis vinifera |
| Family | Vitaceae |
| Origin | Armenia / Caucasus |
| Largest Producer (India) | Maharashtra (Nashik) |
| Most Popular Variety | Thompson Seedless |
| Propagation | Hard wood cuttings (2-3 buds) |
| Training System (India) | Bower / Pandal |
| Most Important Operation | Pruning |
| Fruiting Pruning | October (forward pruning) |
| Growth Regulator | GA₃ (berry enlargement, seedlessness) |
| Raisins From | Thompson Seedless |
| Most Important Disease | Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) |
Summary Cheat Sheet
| Fact | Answer |
|---|---|
| Citrus family | Rutaceae |
| Citrus origin | Northeast India / Southeast Asia |
| Citrus classification by | Tanaka & Swingle (1945) |
| Most promising rootstock for mandarin | Rangpur lime |
| Ultra-dwarf rootstock | Flying Dragon |
| Orange City of India | Nagpur |
| Citrus propagation method | T-budding |
| Citrus maturity index | 50% juice content |
| Most destructive citrus disease | Citrus greening (HLB) |
| Tristeza virus vector | Toxoptera citricida (brown citrus aphid) |
| Degreening agent for citrus | Ethrel (Ethephon) |
| Grape botanical name | Vitis vinifera |
| Grape family | Vitaceae |
| Grape origin | Armenia / Caucasus region |
| Grape Capital of India | Nashik (Maharashtra) |
| Most popular grape variety | Thompson Seedless |
| Grape propagation | Hardwood cuttings (2-3 buds) |
| Most common training system in India | Bower / Pandal system |
| GA3 used for in grapes | Berry enlargement + seedlessness |
| Most important grape disease | Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) |
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Citrus
- Family: Rutaceae
- Origin: Northeast India / Southeast Asia
- Classification of citrus given by Tanaka & Swingle (1945)
- Citrus is a micro-nutrient loving plant (high requirement for Zn, Mn, Fe, B)
Types of Citrus
| Common Name | Botanical Name |
|---|---|
| Sweet Orange | Citrus sinensis |
| Mandarin | Citrus reticulata |
| Lime | Citrus aurantifolia |
| Lemon | Citrus limon |
| Grapefruit | Citrus paradisi |
| Pomelo | Citrus grandis / maxima |
- Nagpur: Orange City of India (famous for Nagpur mandarin)
- Coorg: Known for Coorg mandarin
- Mandarin occupies 50% area under citrus in India
- State with highest citrus production: Andhra Pradesh
Rootstocks
| Rootstock | Key Feature |
|---|---|
| Rangpur lime | Most promising for mandarin & sweet orange; drought tolerant |
| Rough lemon | Vigorous, widely used |
| Trifoliate orange | Cold hardy, resistant to Phytophthora and nematodes |
| Jambhiri (C. jambhiri) | Vigorous, drought tolerant |
| Troyer citrange | HDP rootstock (1.8 x 1.8 m), dwarfing effect |
| Flying Dragon | Ultra-dwarf rootstock |
| Adajamir (C. assamensis) | Resistant to Greening |
Propagation & Planting
- Propagation: T-budding (most common method)
- Citrus seeds don’t have dormancy — sow immediately after extraction (recalcitrant seeds)
- Polyembryony: Mandarin, sweet orange, acid lime, grapefruit are highly polyembryonic (nucellar seedlings = uniform rootstock)
- Monoembryonic: Pummelo, Tahiti lime, Citron
- Spacing: 6 m x 6 m (lime, lemon, sweet orange)
- Blooming: Three times a year — Ambe bahar, Mrig bahar, Hasta bahar
Maturity & Post-Harvest
- Maturity index: Juice content 50%
- Fruit ripening: 9 months after flowering
- Degreening: Done with Ethrel (Ethephon) to remove green colour from mature fruits
- Granulation (drying of juice vesicles) — physiological disorder, more in sweet orange and mandarin
- Fruit splitting — caused by irregular irrigation, especially after drought stress
- Limonin glycoside responsible for bitter taste in citrus juice
- Citrus rind: outer flavedo (essential oils) + inner albedo (pectin-rich)
Diseases
| Disease | Causal Organism | Key Fact |
|---|---|---|
| Citrus canker | Xanthomonas citri | Raised corky lesions on leaves, fruits, stems |
| Citrus greening (Huanglongbing) | Candidatus Liberibacter | Most destructive citrus disease worldwide |
| Tristeza virus | CTV | Transmitted by Toxoptera citricida (brown citrus aphid) |
| Citrus decline | Multiple causes | Phytophthora, nematodes, nutrient deficiency |
Exam Tip: Citrus greening (HLB) is the most destructive citrus disease globally. Tristeza virus vector is the brown citrus aphid (Toxoptera citricida) — frequently tested.
Quick Revision: Citrus Key Facts
| Parameter | Detail |
|---|---|
| Family | Rutaceae |
| Origin | NE India / SE Asia |
| Classification by | Tanaka & Swingle |
| Propagation | T-budding |
| Top Rootstock | Rangpur lime |
| Ultra-dwarf Rootstock | Flying Dragon |
| Orange City | Nagpur |
| Maturity Index | 50% juice content |
| Degreening Agent | Ethrel |
| Most Destructive Disease | Citrus greening (HLB) |
| Tristeza Vector | Toxoptera citricida |
Grapes
- Botanical Name: Vitis vinifera
- Family: Vitaceae
- Origin: Armenia / Caucasus region
- Fruit type: Berry
Production
- India: Maharashtra (Nashik) is the largest producer
- Karnataka is the second largest producer
- Nashik is known as the Grape Capital of India
Varieties
| Variety | Key Feature |
|---|---|
| Thompson Seedless (Sultanina) | Most popular, used for raisins (Kishmish) |
| Sharad Seedless | Black, table grape |
| Anab-e-Shahi | Seeded, large berries |
| Perlette | Early maturing, seedless |
| Bangalore Blue | Coloured, used for juice and wine |
| Gulabi (Muscat Hamburg) | Aromatic, muscat flavour |
- Raisins (Kishmish) are prepared from Thompson Seedless
Propagation & Training
- Propagation: Hard wood cuttings (most common method), 2-3 bud cuttings
Training Systems:
| System | Key Detail |
|---|---|
| Bower / Pandal | Most common in India, overhead canopy, suits hot climate |
| Kniffin | Two-wire trellis system |
| Telephone | Y-shaped trellis |
| Head system | No trellis, bushy growth (dry regions) |
Pruning & Growth Regulators
- Pruning is the most important operation in grape cultivation
- October pruning (forward/fruit pruning): for fruiting
- April pruning (back/foundation pruning): for vegetative growth
- Gibberellic acid (GA₃) is used for:
- Berry enlargement
- Producing seedless grapes
- Cluster elongation and thinning
Exam Tip: GA₃ application in grapes is a classic exam question. Remember: GA₃ = berry enlargement + seedlessness. October pruning = fruiting; April pruning = vegetative growth.
Diseases
| Disease | Causal Organism | Key Fact |
|---|---|---|
| Downy mildew | Plasmopara viticola | Most important disease of grapes |
| Powdery mildew | Uncinula necator | White powdery growth on leaves/berries |
| Anthracnose | Elsinoe ampelina | Also called bird’s eye rot |
- Downy mildew is the most economically significant disease, especially during humid monsoon conditions
Quick Revision: Grapes Key Facts
| Parameter | Detail |
|---|---|
| Botanical Name | Vitis vinifera |
| Family | Vitaceae |
| Origin | Armenia / Caucasus |
| Largest Producer (India) | Maharashtra (Nashik) |
| Most Popular Variety | Thompson Seedless |
| Propagation | Hard wood cuttings (2-3 buds) |
| Training System (India) | Bower / Pandal |
| Most Important Operation | Pruning |
| Fruiting Pruning | October (forward pruning) |
| Growth Regulator | GA₃ (berry enlargement, seedlessness) |
| Raisins From | Thompson Seedless |
| Most Important Disease | Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) |
Summary Cheat Sheet
| Fact | Answer |
|---|---|
| Citrus family | Rutaceae |
| Citrus origin | Northeast India / Southeast Asia |
| Citrus classification by | Tanaka & Swingle (1945) |
| Most promising rootstock for mandarin | Rangpur lime |
| Ultra-dwarf rootstock | Flying Dragon |
| Orange City of India | Nagpur |
| Citrus propagation method | T-budding |
| Citrus maturity index | 50% juice content |
| Most destructive citrus disease | Citrus greening (HLB) |
| Tristeza virus vector | Toxoptera citricida (brown citrus aphid) |
| Degreening agent for citrus | Ethrel (Ethephon) |
| Grape botanical name | Vitis vinifera |
| Grape family | Vitaceae |
| Grape origin | Armenia / Caucasus region |
| Grape Capital of India | Nashik (Maharashtra) |
| Most popular grape variety | Thompson Seedless |
| Grape propagation | Hardwood cuttings (2-3 buds) |
| Most common training system in India | Bower / Pandal system |
| GA3 used for in grapes | Berry enlargement + seedlessness |
| Most important grape disease | Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) |
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