Agricultural Economics
This comprehensive course covers all the important concepts of Agricultural Economics essential for competitive agricultural exams. The course is divided into the following sections:
- Principles of Economics — Definitions (Adam Smith, Marshall, Robbins, Samuelson), scope, methodology, types of economy, micro & macro economics
- Consumer Behaviour & Utility — Consumption, wants, utility types (form, place, time, possession), laws of diminishing & equi-marginal utility
- Demand & Elasticity — Types of demand, 5 degrees of elasticity, determinants, measurement methods
- Market Structure — Perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, monopoly comparison table
- Capital & National Income — Capital types, GDP, GNP, NNP formulas, personal income, disposable income, per capita income
- Cost Concepts — Fixed vs variable costs, opportunity cost, social cost, economic cost
- Inflation — Types (creeping, walking, running, galloping), factors causing inflation
- Factors of Production — Land, labour, capital, entrepreneur; rent, wages, interest, profit
- Farm Management — Basic terms, production functions, returns to scale, risk & uncertainty
- Production Economics — Factor-product, factor-factor (least cost combination, isoquants), product-product (PPC, MRPS) relationships
- Compounding & Discounting — Time comparison principle, future value & present value formulas
- Types of Farming — Specialized, diversified, mixed, dry, ranching
- Business Organisations — Sole proprietorship, partnership, joint-stock company, co-operative society
- Important Economic Terms — Marketable surplus, marketed surplus, consumer surplus, economic holding, financial ratios
- Agricultural Finance — Credit classification (5 bases), 3Rs, 5Cs, 7Ps of credit, institutional & non-institutional sources
- Agricultural Marketing — Market classification, marketing functions (Thomsen, Kohls & Uhl, Huegy & Mitchell), APMC
- Marketing Agencies & Institutions — Middlemen types, commodity boards, public & cooperative sector institutions, hedging
- Direct Marketing Channels — Apni Mandi (Punjab 1987), Hadaspar, Rythu Bazars, Uzhavar Sandies
- Market Integration — Horizontal, vertical integration, conglomeration
- Agricultural Trade — WTO, pricing policy, trade agreements
- Modal Bankable Projects — Project formulation and appraisal