🍇 Grapes
Propagation, pruning, varieties, disorders, diseases, insects, and training systems of grapes
Grapes
- Botanical Name: Vitis vinifera
- Family: Vitaceae
- Ideal time of planting unrooted grape cuttings (hardwood cutting) is October
- Rooted cuttings are planted in January-February
- Grape is a deciduous crop
- Propagated by hard wood cuttings
- Thompson seedless with its clone occupies 55% area under grape cultivation
- Element that is universally deficient in grape is Mg
- Tartaric acid is present in grape fruits
- The chemical used to reduce post-harvest fruit drop in grape is NAA (50 ppm)
- Outstanding cultivar of raisin (dehydrated grape) is Kismis Rely
- Dogridge is a salt-tolerant rootstock of grape
- Viticulture: Production and marketing of grapes
- Oenology: All aspects of wine and winemaking
Pruning
- North India (Summer Crop): Pruning is done in December-January
- South India (Monsoon Crop): Two prunings are done. First in April-May (back or foundation pruning) and second in October
- In Maharashtra and Karnataka, vines are pruned twice in the months of April and October
Varieties
The old note preserves these grape-importance anchors:
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Grapes
- Botanical Name: Vitis vinifera
- Family: Vitaceae
- Ideal time of planting unrooted grape cuttings (hardwood cutting) is October
- Rooted cuttings are planted in January-February
- Grape is a deciduous crop
- Propagated by hard wood cuttings
- Thompson seedless with its clone occupies 55% area under grape cultivation
- Element that is universally deficient in grape is Mg
- Tartaric acid is present in grape fruits
- The chemical used to reduce post-harvest fruit drop in grape is NAA (50 ppm)
- Outstanding cultivar of raisin (dehydrated grape) is Kismis Rely
- Dogridge is a salt-tolerant rootstock of grape
- Viticulture: Production and marketing of grapes
- Oenology: All aspects of wine and winemaking
Pruning
- North India (Summer Crop): Pruning is done in December-January
- South India (Monsoon Crop): Two prunings are done. First in April-May (back or foundation pruning) and second in October
- In Maharashtra and Karnataka, vines are pruned twice in the months of April and October
Varieties
The old note preserves these grape-importance anchors:
- Thompson Seedless is the dominant Indian cultivar
- It is the most important grape for raisin making in India
Physiological Disorders
- Hen and chicken disease - Boron deficiency
- Berry or blossom drop -- improper pollination and fertilization
- Pink berry -- high temperature (common in Thompson Seedless)
- Calyx end rot: Ca deficiency
Diseases
- Downy mildew: Plasmophora viticola (major)
- Powdery mildew: Erysiphe viti
Insect Pests
- Thrips: Rhiphiphothrips cruntatus
- Managed by spray of Malathion 50 EC @ 1 ml/liter
- Flea beetle: Scelodenta strigicollis
- Managed by spray of Carbaryl 50 WP @ 2.5 kg/ha of orchard
Training Systems for Grapevines
- Kniffin: also known as 4-canes system
- Head system: suitable for less vigorous cultivars and simple plus inexpensive
- Telephone system: also called 6-canes system, suitable for vigorous cultivars
- Bower system: the most adopted training system of grapes in India
Summary Cheat Sheet
| Concept / Topic | Key Details / Explanation |
|---|---|
| Grape basics | Grapes are Vitis vinifera of Vitaceae, planted as unrooted cuttings in October or rooted cuttings in January to February, are deciduous, and are propagated by hardwood cuttings. |
| Production facts | Thompson Seedless dominates area, magnesium is the universal deficiency mentioned, tartaric acid is the principal acid, NAA 50 ppm reduces post-harvest fruit drop, Dogridge is the salt-tolerant rootstock, and raisin plus wine terms are viticulture and oenology. |
| Pruning | North India prunes in December to January, while South India uses two prunings in April to May and October. |
| Training systems | Important systems are Kniffin, Head, Telephone, and Bower, with Bower most common in India. |
| Disorders | Hen and chicken is due to boron deficiency, berry or blossom drop follows poor pollination, pink berry comes with high temperature, and calyx end rot is due to calcium deficiency. |
| Diseases and pests | Downy mildew is the major disease, powdery mildew is also important, and the named pests are thrips and flea beetle. |