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Understand what biopesticides are, how they are classified, why they matter in sustainable agriculture, and where they fit in crop protection.

Bacterial Biopesticides — Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), Cry proteins, strains, formulations, and Bacillus subtilis in crop protection.

Fungal Biopesticides — Trichoderma species, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, modes of action, and field applications.

Viral Biopesticides — Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV), Granulosis Virus (GV), production methods, and field application.

Botanical Pesticides — Neem (azadirachtin), Pyrethrum, Rotenone, essential oils, and their role in sustainable crop protection.

Introduction to Biofertilizers — definition, types, classification, and importance in sustainable agriculture.

Nitrogen-Fixing Biofertilizers — Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Blue-Green Algae, and Azolla in agricultural systems.

Phosphorus Biofertilizers — Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB), VAM/AM fungi, mechanisms, and agricultural applications.

Mass Production and Quality Control of biofertilizers and biopesticides — fermentation, carrier-based formulations, BIS standards, and shelf life.

Learn how biopesticides and biofertilizers move from production unit to farm, including infrastructure, quality, distribution, and marketing challenges.