Bsc Agriculture

BSc Agriculture Semester 8 as per ICAR 6th Deans' Committee 2024. Student READY programme: RAWE (Rural Agricultural Work Experience), Industrial Attachment, Internship, Project Work. 20 credits. Complete guide.

Complete guide to the 10 mandatory online course credits in BSc Agriculture as per ICAR 6th Deans' Committee 2024. Recommended SWAYAM, NPTEL, and AgriDots courses with credit details, enrollment process, and credit transfer procedure.

Semester-wise structure, credits, and major curriculum changes in the BSc Agriculture programme under the ICAR 6th Deans' Committee 2024 framework.

BSc Agriculture Semester 7 elective courses as per ICAR 6th Deans' Committee 2024. Complete list of 20 electives: Organic Farming, Precision Farming, Biotechnology, Agribusiness, Food Technology, Horticulture. Choose 5 courses × 4 credits.

BSc Agriculture Semester 6 subjects as per ICAR 6th Deans' Committee 2024. Agri Biotechnology, Agricultural Statistics, Seed Science, Plant Biochemistry, Renewable Energy, Dryland Agriculture. 21 credits.

BSc Agriculture Semester 4 subjects as per ICAR 6th Deans' Committee 2024. Rabi Crops, Agricultural Informatics & AI, Farm Machinery, Water Management, Plant Breeding, Vegetables & Spices, Problematic Soils, Agricultural Economics. 23 credits, NEP-2020 aligned.

BSc Agriculture Semester 3 subjects as per ICAR 6th Deans' Committee 2024. Genetics, Kharif Crop Production Technology, Fruit & Plantation Crops, Natural Farming, Extension Education, Nematology, Entrepreneurship. 22 credits.

Semester 2 subject map, credit structure, and learning focus under the ICAR 6th Deans' Committee 2024 framework.

BSc Agriculture Semester 5 complete subjects, syllabus and notes as per ICAR 6th Deans' Committee 2024. Crop Physiology, Pest Management, Disease Management, Weed Management, Agro-meteorology, Agroforestry, Agricultural Marketing. 22 credits (13 Theory + 9 Practical).

Agronomy study material for BSc Agriculture students, covering crop production, crop management, water, weather, weeds, and farming systems.

Complete career scope for MSc Agricultural Economics graduates in India — ICAR JRF, NABARD Grade A, RBI Grade B, UPSC IES, UGC NET, international organizations, and private sector. Official notifications, salary details, and eligibility.

Meaning, structure, recognition, and academic scope of the BSc Agriculture degree in India.

Learn what intellectual property is, the main types of IPR, and why intellectual property matters in agriculture and innovation.

Learn the basic coordinate geometry of straight lines, slope, and standard equation forms used in applied mathematics.

Lecture notes covering Statistical Methods as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: STAM 101 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Learn what statistics studies, how data are collected, and how primary, secondary, qualitative, and quantitative data are classified.

Learn what a computer is, how input-processing-output works, and the main hardware parts of a basic computer system.

Introduction to problematic soils — types, extent in India, and impact on agricultural productivity.

BSc Agriculture notes on types of manures: bulky organic manures, concentrated organic manures, FYM, compost, vermicompost, green manures, oil cakes, bone meal, and nutrient content.

Lecture notes covering Fundamentals of Soil Science as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: SSAC 121 | Credits: 3(2+1).

Learn what soil science studies and how pedological and edaphological viewpoints help us understand soils in agriculture.

Learn what soil chemistry studies and why chemical reactions in soil matter for nutrient availability, contamination, and crop response.

Understand the cell as the basic unit of life, the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and the major organelles of plant cells.

Lecture notes covering Agricultural Heritage as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: RMED 101 | Credits: 1(1+0).

Learn the early roots of Indian agriculture, major classical texts, and the role of traditional agricultural knowledge in shaping later farming systems.

Learn why IPDM developed, how it differs from routine pesticide-based control, and what principles guide integrated pest and disease management.

Lecture notes covering Fundamentals of Crop Physiology as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: PPHY 261 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Learn what crop physiology studies and why understanding plant function is essential for crop productivity and stress management.

Diseases of Mango — Anthracnose, Powdery Mildew, Malformation.

Learn the basic framework of crop disease management, including the disease triangle, pathogen groups, and integrated disease management.

Learn what plant nematology studies, why plant-parasitic nematodes matter in agriculture, and how the subject developed.

Lecture notes covering Fundamentals of Plant Pathology as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: PATH 171 | Credits: 4(3+1).

Learn the meaning, scope, objectives, and practical importance of plant pathology in crop protection.

Lecture notes covering Livestock and Poultry Management as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: LPM 201 | Credits: 4(3+1).

Understand how livestock and poultry support farm income, nutrition, soil fertility, and risk reduction in Indian agriculture.

Why post-harvest management matters for reducing losses, protecting quality, and improving value realization.

Ornamental horticulture is vital for economic growth, employment, environmental health, and human well-being. Learn its importance, branches, classification, and scope in India.

Ginger.

Nutritional, economic, export, and public health importance of vegetable cultivation.

Economic, nutritional, industrial, and national importance of fruit crops in India.

Lecture notes covering Fundamentals of Horticulture as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: HORT 180 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Meaning, scope, branches, and agricultural importance of horticulture.

Lecture notes covering Introduction to Forestry as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: FRST 201 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Understand the productive and protective roles of forests in economy, ecology, and rural livelihoods.

Core meaning, evolution, major branches, and agricultural applications of plant biotechnology.

Origin, cytogenetics, and breeding objectives of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Hexaploid genome AABBDD, yield improvement, rust resistance, and quality breeding.

Understand the meaning, goals, and major methods of crop improvement for kharif crops.

Study the origin, species relationships, breeding objectives, and ideal plant type in rice improvement.

Understand the aims, objectives, and long-term role of plant breeding in crop improvement.

Understand the meaning, importance, and basic principles of seed production and how it differs from ordinary crop production.

Lecture notes covering Fundamentals of Genetics as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: GPBR 111 | Credits: 3(2+1).

Trace the development of genetics from pre-Mendelian ideas to chromosome theory and molecular genetics.

Lecture notes covering Principles of Food Science and Nutrition as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: FST 201 | Credits: 2(2+0).

Introduction to Food Science — definition, scope, and the food industry in India.

Introduction to Beneficial Insects in Agriculture.

Understand applied entomology, its scope, and the economic classification of insects in agriculture.

Lecture notes covering Fundamentals of Entomology as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: ENTO 231 | Credits: 4(3+1).

Study the historical development of entomology in India and understand the importance of insects within the animal kingdom.

Lecture notes covering Comprehension and Communication Skills in English as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: ENGL 101 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Learn how to read a prose passage critically by identifying its main idea, tone, and supporting argument.

Lecture notes covering Environmental Studies and Disaster Management as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: ENVS 302 | Credits: 3(2+1).

Understand what environmental studies covers, why it is multidisciplinary, and why it matters for sustainable development.

Lecture notes covering post-harvest losses, handling, storage, processing, packaging, value addition, and enterprise policy as per ICAR 6th Deans' Committee 2024. Course Code: ELEC 21 | Credits: 4(3+1).

Lecture notes covering food composition, nutritional needs, digestion, processing, spoilage, quality standards, and food safety as per ICAR 6th Deans' Committee 2024. Course Code: ELEC 20 | Credits: 4(3+1).

Lecture notes covering organic farming principles, certification, nutrient and pest management, conservation agriculture, natural farming, and market-policy aspects as per ICAR 6th Deans' Committee 2024. Course Code: ELEC 19 | Credits: 4(3+1).

Lecture notes covering GIS, GPS, remote sensing, image analysis, crop monitoring, and precision-farming technologies as per ICAR 6th Deans' Committee 2024. Course Code: ELEC 18 | Credits: 4(3+1).

Study the important diseases of citrus and learn how symptoms, spread, and management differ across gummosis, scab, canker, and tristeza.

Lecture notes covering seed industry structure, seed production systems, quality assurance, storage, and seed business management as per ICAR 6th Deans' Committee 2024. Course Code: ELEC 16 | Credits: 4(3+1).

Importance of quality seed, growth of the Indian seed sector, and major laws and policies governing seed quality and farmers' rights.

Lecture notes covering climate change evidence, agricultural vulnerability, climate-smart adaptation, and mitigation strategies as per ICAR 6th Deans' Committee 2024. Course Code: ELEC 15 | Credits: 4(3+1).

Scientific evidence, greenhouse gases, IPCC findings, and India-specific climate trends relevant to agriculture.

Lecture notes covering biological and nano-enabled agricultural formulations, their production, quality control, and regulation as per ICAR 6th Deans' Committee 2024. Course Code: ELEC 14 | Credits: 4(3+1).

Definition, background, need, types, advantages, and limits of bioformulations in sustainable agriculture.

Understand what natural resources are, how they are classified, and why their management is central to agriculture and development.

Understand what agricultural journalism is, why it matters, and how it connects science, policy, and farmer decision-making.

Understand what agricultural systems modeling is, why systems thinking matters, and how models help interpret and predict crop performance.

Understand what weeds are, why they survive so successfully, and why weed management is central to profitable crop production.

Understand what hi-tech horticulture means, why it is needed, and which technologies make horticultural production more precise and market-oriented.

Understand the meaning, principle, history, and importance of plant tissue culture as the foundation of micropropagation.

Understand what protected cultivation is, why it is needed, and how it changes crop production compared with open-field farming.

Understand what biopesticides are, how they are classified, why they matter in sustainable agriculture, and where they fit in crop protection.

Understand what food safety means, why it matters, and how the farm-to-fork approach helps prevent food-borne illness.

Understand the major principles of landscape design and how they guide the arrangement of plants, structures, and open space.

Understand the structure of the seed industry, the seed chain, key institutions, and the regulatory framework governing quality seed.

Understand what agrochemicals are, how they are classified, and why classification matters for safe and effective agricultural use.

Course overview and lesson index for ELEC 01, focused on the business, marketing, processing, and trade dimensions of agriculture.

Understand the meaning, scope, components, and significance of agribusiness in modern agriculture.

Lecture notes covering Fundamentals of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: BIC 101 | Credits: 3(2+1).

Learn what biochemistry studies and understand the importance, occurrence, and classification of carbohydrates.

Lecture notes covering Agricultural Microbiology as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AMBE 101 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Understand the origins of microbiology, the microbial world, and the major scientists who shaped the field.

Introduction to Rainfed Agriculture.

Introduction to Geoinformatics in Agriculture.

Understand what weeds are, why they persist, and how they reduce crop yield, produce quality, and farm efficiency.

Understand oilseed crops as an agronomic group, including their energy-rich nature, edible-oil role, major crop categories, and historical importance in Indian agriculture.

National production significance of cereals, millets, pulses, and oilseeds with an exam-focused comparative view.

Understand the national importance and production profile of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, sugar crops, medicinal crops, and forage crops.

Understand the season, major crops, and practical management logic of Rabi crop production in India.

A practical workflow for planning, raising, managing, harvesting, and evaluating Kharif field crops.

Core concepts, principles, history, and Indian status of organic farming.

Core concept, components, types, and objectives of farming systems in Indian agriculture.

Learn what agrometeorology is, why it matters in farming, and how weather knowledge improves crop planning and risk management.

Understand irrigation, irrigation management, major irrigation systems, and why efficient water allocation matters in Indian agriculture.

Understand agricultural heritage, the long evolution of Indian agriculture, globally important agricultural heritage systems, and why traditional knowledge still matters.

Course overview and lecture index for AGRO 101, covering core agronomy principles together with basic agricultural meteorology.

Foundational meaning of agriculture as art, science, and business, along with its scope, branches, and institutional development.

Learn the meaning, elements, importance, and barriers of communication in agricultural extension and technology transfer.

Understand the meaning, characteristics, importance, and types of entrepreneurship with special relevance to agriculture and rural enterprise.

Understand the meaning, definitions, scope, characteristics, and need of extension education in rural development.

Lecture notes covering Fundamentals of Agricultural Extension Education as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AEXT 191 | Credits: 3(2+1).

Understand the meaning of education, extension, extension education, and why agricultural extension works as the bridge between research and rural life.

Understand the meaning, process, and major models of communication, with special relevance to agricultural extension.

Understand the major forms of energy and the broad classification of energy resources used in engineering and agriculture.

Understand what a greenhouse is, why protected cultivation developed, and how controlled environments improve crop production.

Understand the meaning, scope, objectives, and importance of farm management in allocating scarce resources efficiently.

Lecture notes covering Introductory Soil and Water Conservation Engineering as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AENG 151 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Understand the purpose and basic use of major surveying and leveling instruments used in agricultural engineering.

Understand the meaning, scope, and importance of agricultural marketing and why marketing is essential to agricultural development.

Understand agribusiness as a full system connecting input supply, farm production, processing, marketing, and support services.

Lecture notes covering Fundamentals of Agricultural Economics as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AECO 141 | Credits: 2(2+0).

Understand what economics studies, why scarcity creates choice, and how the subject is organized for agricultural decision-making.

Understand why agricultural finance matters, how farm finance differs from finance in other sectors, and why credit is central to agricultural development.

Learn who an entrepreneur is, the major entrepreneurial traits, and why entrepreneurs matter in economic and social development.

Build a strong foundation in number systems, arithmetic operations, and BODMAS for agricultural calculations.

Lecture notes covering tissue culture, molecular breeding, genomics, transformation, genome editing, and biotech regulation as per ICAR 6th Deans' Committee 2024. Course Code: ELEC 17 | Credits: 4(3+1).

Detailed lecture notes and study materials covering Farm Power and Machinery. Perfect for academic and professional preparation.

Understand the major sources of farm power in India, their uses, merits, limits, and role in farm mechanization.

A complete BSc Agriculture hub with course details, semester-wise subjects, syllabus, study notes, eligibility, and career guidance.

Programme guide covering the ICAR 6th Deans' Committee 2024 syllabus, semester structure, credits, assessment, outcomes, and NEP-linked curriculum design.

Programme Outcomes (POs), Programme Specific Outcomes (PSOs) and Graduate Attributes for BSc Agriculture as per ICAR 6th Deans' Committee 2024 and NBA/NEP-2020 framework.

A practical BSc Agriculture horticulture gateway covering core crop production, propagation, floriculture, plantation crops, and post-harvest topics.

BSc Agriculture eligibility requires 10+2 with PCB/PCM/Agriculture and 50% marks. Admission via ICAR AIEEA or state CETs. Complete guide to eligibility criteria, age limit, entrance exams, and college-wise admission process.

Patents.

3D Analytical Geometry.

Lec 02.

Lecture notes covering Agri-Informatics as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: STAM 102 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Units of Memory, Hardware.

Saline soils — characteristics, genesis, and distribution in India.

Green manures-Oilcakes-.

Explains Earth's origin and geologic evolution as a foundation for soil genesis in BSc Agriculture.

Lecture notes covering Soil Chemistry, Soil Fertility and Nutrient Management as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: SSAC 122 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Soil pH and Buffer pH.

Lecture notes covering Introductory Biology as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: RMED 102 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Cell Division.

Indus Valley Civilization and Agriculture.

Plant Quarantine and Regulatory Methods.

Significance of Water.

Diseases of Citrus — Canker, Greening, Gummosis.

Diseases of Rice — Blast, Brown Spot, Sheath Blight.

History of Nematology in India.

Understand the major biotic groups that cause plant disease and how they differ in nature, spread, and examples.

Various systems of livestock.

Maturity indices, harvesting.

Rose — Varieties, Propagation, and Production Technology.

Turmeric.

Vegetable gardens.

Lecture notes covering Production Technology for Fruit and Plantation Crops as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: HORT 181 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Overview of fruit area, output, post-harvest losses, and export trends in India.

Classification of Horticultural Crops.

Status Of Forests.

History of plant tissue.

Breeding methods in wheat including pedigree, backcross, and shuttle breeding. Rust resistance genes and quality parameters for bread and chapati wheat.

Origin, taxonomy, and botanical description of Oryza sativa with a focus on indica and japonica subspecies and key breeding objectives.

Rice Varieties Released.

Modes of Reproduction.

Lecture notes covering Principles of Seed Technology as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: GPBR 112 | Credits: 3(1+2).

Seed Policy.

Mendel’s laws of genetics: Law of Dominance, Law of Segregation, and Law of Independent Assortment. Proposed by Gregor Mendel — the father of genetics — using garden pea experiments.

Carbohydrates in food — monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, and dietary fiber.

Honeybee Species, Biology, and Colony Organization.

Lecture notes covering Pests of Crops and Stored Grains and their Management as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: ENTO 232 | Credits: 3(2+1).

History of bee keeping.

Factors for insects abundance.

Comprehension: Reading.

Nature Resourses: Renew.

Types and causes of post-harvest losses and the main physiological processes responsible for deterioration after harvest.

Major nutrients, protective food components, and the nutritive value of important food groups.

Definition, principles, history, major systems, and comparison of organic farming with conventional agriculture.

Meaning, components, historical development, and agricultural importance of geoinformatics in India.

Diseases of Mango.

Detailed coverage of seed classes (Breeder, Foundation, Certified, TL), certification process, field standards, and quality declared seed.

Detailed analysis of how climate change affects crop yields, livestock, water resources, pests, and livelihoods in Indian agriculture.

Carrier-based, liquid, and granular biofertilizer formulations — production methods, quality standards, and inoculation techniques.

Land use statistics, soil erosion types, USLE formula, land capability classification, and conservation practices for ELEC 13 Natural Resources Management.

Agricultural Information Sources — ICAR publications, KVK reports, research journals, databases, and digital repositories for agricultural knowledge.

Crop Growth Models — structure, inputs, and applications of DSSAT, APSIM, WOFOST, and InfoCrop simulation platforms.

Weed Biology and Ecology — reproduction, seed bank dynamics, competitive interactions, and allelopathy in weed populations.

Precision Farming in Horticulture.

Laboratory Setup and Media Preparation.

Types of Protected Structures — Greenhouse Polyhouse Net House.

Bacterial Biopesticides — Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), Cry proteins, strains, formulations, and Bacillus subtilis in crop protection.

Food-Borne Diseases and Microbial Hazards.

Elements and Components of Landscaping.

DUS Testing and Variety Registration — distinctness, uniformity, stability testing, and the PPV&FR Act for plant variety protection.

Course overview and lesson index for ELEC 02, focused on agrochemicals, their safe use, and their role in integrated pest management.

Insecticides — chemical groups, mode of action, systemic vs contact insecticides, and IRAC classification.

Agribusiness Environment — micro and macro environmental factors affecting agribusiness operations in India.

Occurrence & Structure.

Learn how germ theory established microorganisms as causes of disease and understand Koch's postulates and their significance.

Moisture Conservation Techniques.

Precision Farming — Concepts and Technologies.

Learn how weeds are classified by life span, habitat, morphology, origin, and other agronomic criteria.

Study groundnut as a major oilseed crop, including origin, distribution, growth stages, climate, soil, seasonal fit, and agronomic management principles.

Origin, geographical distribution, economic importance, and major cultivation systems of rice.

Origin, importance, species groups, growth stages, and practical cultivation points of wheat under Indian conditions.

Production technology of wheat covering climate, varieties, sowing, nutrient management, irrigation, and practical yield-oriented field operations.

Comprehensive guide to rice cultivation including varieties, nursery management, transplanting, nutrient and water management, IPM, and harvesting for kharif season.

Organic nutrient sources, biofertilizers, and nutrient planning for exam-focused agronomy.

Concept, principles, models, linkages, and benefits of integrated farming systems in Indian conditions.

Understand the gaseous composition of the atmosphere and the characteristics of its major layers from the crop perspective.

Water in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum and its physiological, ecological, and production-related importance in crop growth.

Human cultural stages, the shift from hunting to food production, and the early beginnings of agriculture in India.

How Indian agriculture shapes employment, GDP, food security, farm income, and policy change after the Green Revolution.

Understand extension programme planning, its meaning, need, steps, principles, and the role of evaluation in improving extension work.

Learn the entrepreneurial process, idea generation methods, SWOT analysis, and feasibility assessment for agri-enterprise opportunities.

Lecture notes covering Rural Sociology and Educational Psychology as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AEXT 391 | Credits: 2(2+0).

Learn the meaning, scope, and importance of sociology and rural sociology, especially for extension education and rural development.

Learn the core philosophy, principles, objectives, and educational process of agricultural extension.

Understand verbal, non-verbal, written, visual, formal, and informal communication used in agricultural and professional settings.

Lecture notes covering Farm Machinery and Power as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: FMP 211 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Learn what renewable energy is, why it matters, and how major renewable sources differ in origin and application.

Learn how greenhouses are classified by shape, span arrangement, and utility, and understand where each type is most suitable.

Learn the main types of farm decisions and the economic process used to choose among alternatives under farm constraints.

Learn the principle, procedure, and field uses of chain surveying and cross-staff offset measurement.

Learn the structure-conduct-performance framework and how it is used to evaluate agricultural markets.

Learn the role, characteristics, opportunities, and limits of small businesses in the agricultural economy.

Learn how households and firms interact, and compare capitalist, socialist, communist, and mixed economic systems with agricultural examples.

Lecture notes covering Agricultural Finance and Co-Operation as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AECO 241 | Credits: 3(2+1).

Learn present value, future value, compounding, and discounting, and understand why time must be considered in agricultural investment decisions.

Understand entrepreneurship as a process of opportunity recognition, enterprise creation, and capability development.

Algebra.

Totipotency, culture requirements, morphogenesis, specialized culture systems, and major agricultural applications of plant tissue culture.

Learn the working cycles, construction logic, and practical differences between two-stroke and four-stroke internal combustion engines.

Core Soil Science courses for BSc Agriculture covering soil formation, properties, fertility, nutrient management, fertilizers and problematic soils.

Theory, practical, attendance, grading, and progression rules in the BSc Agriculture assessment framework.

Complete BSc Agriculture subjects list — all 8 semesters, 21 disciplines, year-wise breakdown as per ICAR 6th Deans' Committee Syllabus 2024. Covers agronomy, genetics, horticulture, soil science, entomology, and 16 more subjects with lesson links.

Plant Variety Protection.

Bionomial.

Lec 03.

Personal Computers, Types.

Management of saline soils — leaching, drainage, salt-tolerant crops, and bio-drainage.

Lecture notes covering Manures, Fertilizers and Soil Fertility Management as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: SSAC 222 | Credits: 3(2+1).

Composting of organic.

Covers major rocks, minerals, and their role in parent material and soil development for BSc Agriculture.

Soil pH and Percent Base.

Biomolecules.

Medieval Indian Agriculture.

Cultural Methods of Disease Management.

Understand field capacity, soil water storage, and basic water-potential terms used to explain water availability to plants.

Diseases of Banana — Panama Wilt, Sigatoka, Bunchy Top.

Lecture notes covering Diseases of Field & Horticultural Crops & their Management-I as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: PATH 272 | Credits: 3(2+1).

Diseases of Rice — BLB, Tungro, False Smut.

Morphology and Anatomy.

General Characters of fungi.

Integrated Farming.

Maturity and Ripening process.

Chrysanthemum and Marigold — Production Technology.

Pepper.

Lecture notes covering Production Technology of Vegetables and Flowers. Course Code: HORT 281 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Vegetable classification.

Classification Of Fruits.

Climate and Soil Requirements for Horticultural Crops.

Agroforestry.

Scope and importance.

Breeding objectives and methods in barley (Hordeum vulgare). 2-row vs 6-row barley, malting quality traits, and disease resistance breeding.

Pedigree, mutation, and hybrid rice breeding including CMS systems and notable released varieties of rice in India.

Hybrid Rice Seed.

Lecture notes covering Fundamentals of Plant Breeding as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: GPBR 211 | Credits: 3(2+1).

Learn the meaning, types, and breeding importance of apomixis.

Seed Demand Forecasting &.

Types of Gene Action.

Proteins and lipids in foods — amino acids, essential fatty acids, and food sources.

Lecture notes covering Management of Beneficial Insects as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: ENTO 233 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Apiculture Equipment and Management.

Apiary Management.

Classification Of Phylum.

Synonyms.

Nature Resources: Forest, En.

Maturity indices and harvesting standards for major crops; post-harvest handling operations including sorting, grading, pre-cooling, curing, and packaging.

ICMR 2020 RDA values, malnutrition in India (PEM, anaemia, VAD, iodine deficiency, overnutrition), nutritional assessment, and government nutrition programmes.

NPOP, PGS-India, USDA NOP, EU organic standards, certification process, conversion period, and labelling requirements.

Definition, components, raster vs vector data, spatial analysis operations, GIS software, and agricultural applications.

Diseases of Banana.

Principles and practices of seed production in self-pollinated crops including rice, wheat, pulses, and oilseeds — isolation, rouging, and harvest management.

Framework for assessing climate vulnerability in agriculture: exposure, sensitivity, adaptive capacity, risk mapping, and district-level profiling methods.

Classification, production, and formulation of microbial biopesticides including Bt, NPV, entomopathogenic fungi, and Trichoderma.

Hydrological cycle, groundwater, water quality parameters, watershed management, rainwater harvesting, and waterlogging solutions for ELEC 13.

Writing for Print Media — news writing using 5W1H, feature articles, editorials, press releases, and agricultural journalism for newspapers and magazines.

Weather-Based Crop Simulation — meteorological data integration, growing degree days, water balance modeling, and weather-yield relationships.

Weed Classification and Identification — grasses, broadleaves, sedges, and parasitic weeds with key identification features.

Drip and Fertigation Systems.

Techniques — Meristem Callus Somatic Embryogenesis.

Climate Control and Environmental Management.

Fungal Biopesticides — Trichoderma species, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, modes of action, and field applications.

Chemical Hazards in Food.

Trees Shrubs and Climbers for Landscaping.

Course overview and lesson index for ELEC 03, focused on commercial breeding, seed systems, variety protection, and the business side of crop improvement.

Hybrid Seed Production Technology — principles, male sterility systems, isolation requirements, and commercial hybrid seed production.

Fungicides and Bactericides — classification, mode of action, systemic and contact fungicides, and usage in crop protection.

Strategic Management in Agribusiness — planning, formulation, implementation, and evaluation of business strategies.

Structure of Disaccharides.

Understand sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis, and the major physical and chemical methods used to control microorganisms.

Watershed Management — Concepts and Planning.

Nanotechnology in Agriculture.

Study how weeds multiply and spread through seed production, vegetative structures, and different dispersal agents.

Study sesame as a quality oilseed crop, including its importance, oil quality, origin, climate, soil, plant features, and management logic.

Study maize as a major cereal crop, including origin, importance, grain types, ecological requirements, varieties, cultural practices, and yield logic.

Origin, importance, stress tolerance, major uses, and practical agronomy of barley under Indian conditions.

Production technology of mustard with emphasis on climate, sowing, sulphur nutrition, irrigation timing, and integrated protection in Rabi systems.

Complete production guide for maize covering botanical features, varieties, nutrient and water management, IPM including fall armyworm, and post-harvest practices.

Preventive, biological, botanical, and mechanical pest-disease control in organic farming.

Definition, pillars, indicators, and major approaches to sustainable agriculture in Indian farming.

Study solar radiation, PAR, and the main agricultural processes driven by incoming solar energy.

Soil moisture tension, saturated and unsaturated flow, vapour movement, and important soil-moisture constants used in irrigation planning.

Agricultural features of the Indus Valley and Vedic periods, including crops, tools, irrigation, storage, and livestock use.

How agriculture evolved from early cultivation to Indian agricultural heritage, classical texts, and ecological farming traditions.

Study the meaning, classification, and use of individual, group, and mass extension teaching methods in technology transfer.

Lecture notes covering Entrepreneurship Development and Business Communication as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AEXT 393 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Understand the purpose, structure, and financing role of a business plan, DPR, and bankable agri-enterprise project.

Understand the major features of Indian rural society and the broad rural-urban differences relevant to extension work.

Understand the concept, scope, objectives, and national importance of rural development in the Indian context.

Learn the physical, semantic, psychological, and cultural barriers that weaken communication and how to overcome them.

Lecture notes covering Renewable Energy and Green Technology as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AENG 352 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Compare renewable and non-renewable energy resources and understand direct, indirect, commercial, and non-commercial energy classifications.

Study the main environmental factors inside a greenhouse and learn how they influence crop growth and productivity.

Understand key farm-management concepts such as resources, output, production, cost, returns, and efficiency measures.

Understand the principle of compass surveying, bearings, traverses, and common field errors such as local attraction.

Lecture notes covering Agricultural Marketing, Trade and Prices as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AECO 242 | Credits: 3(2+1).

Understand agricultural marketing channels, the role of intermediaries, and how channel choice affects costs, margins, and producer share.

Understand management as a decision-oriented process and learn the main functions used in agribusiness organizations.

Learn utility, consumer behavior, the law of diminishing marginal utility, and the law of equi-marginal utility in the cardinal approach.

Understand the meaning, need, and classification of agricultural credit by purpose, time, security, source, and repayment structure.

Learn how entrepreneurs are classified by business type, technology use, motivation, growth pattern, and development stage.

Lecture notes covering Elementary Mathematics as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: RMED 103 | Credits: 2(2+0).

Ratio, Proportion, and Percentage.

Stages of micropropagation, commercial applications in India, cryopreservation, and somatic hybridization through protoplast fusion including cybrids and applications.

Understand the fuel, lubrication, ignition, cooling, and governing systems that keep an internal combustion engine working efficiently.

How the credit system works in BSc Agriculture as per ICAR 6th Deans' Committee 2024. What is 1 credit, theory vs practical credits, 3(2+1) notation explained, total 177 credits breakdown, Academic Bank of Credits.

Entomology study material for BSc Agriculture students, covering insect structure, ecology, pest management, and beneficial insects.

BSc Agriculture scope includes government jobs (IBPS AFO, NABARD, FCI), private agribusiness, ICAR research, AgriTech startups, and international organizations. Complete scope analysis with sector-wise opportunities and future trends.

Lecture notes covering Intellectual Property Rights as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: STAM 104 | Credits: 1(1+0).

Copyright and Trademark.

Conic sections.

Lec 04.

Computer Viruses, Worms &.

Lecture notes covering Problematic Soils and their Management as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: SSAC 223 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Sodic soils — characteristics, deflocculation, and poor physical properties.

Classification of fertilizers.

Explains physical, chemical, and biological weathering processes that initiate soil formation.

Soil as a source.

Plant Anatomy.

Traditional Farming Systems.

Biological Control of Plant Diseases.

Absorption of Water.

Lecture notes covering Diseases of Field & Horticultural Crops & their Management-II as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: PATH 373 | Credits: 3(2+1).

Diseases of Grape — Downy Mildew, Powdery Mildew, Anthracnose.

Diseases of Wheat — Rusts.

Anatomy: Inner Body Tube.

Nomenclature binomial.

Definition of breed.

Factors affecting ripening.

Lecture notes covering Production Technology for Ornamental Crops, MAPs and Landscaping as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: HORT 284 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Gladiolus, Tuberose, and Lily — Production Technology.

Cardamom.

Tomato.

Adaptation, varietal diversity, and production fundamentals of mango.

Nursery types, site selection, infrastructure, and propagation basics for healthy planting material.

Classification of Agroforestry.

Totipotency & Morphogenesis.

Breeding objectives and methods in chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Desi vs kabuli types, wilt resistance, machine harvestability, and quality improvement.

Study maize origin, floral biology, and why it became the classical crop for heterosis breeding.

WHEAT.

Modes of Pollination.

Deterioration of Crop Varieties.

Multiple Alleles.

Vitamins and minerals — classification, deficiency diseases, RDA, and food sources.

Bee Products — Honey, Beeswax, Royal Jelly, Propolis.

Role of honey bees in.

Structure-Insect Cuticle.

Verbal Ability.

Ecosystems: Definition, Con.

Cold chain concept and components; pre-cooling methods; cold storage types; controlled atmosphere and modified atmosphere storage principles and applications.

Digestive enzymes, absorption mechanisms, and metabolic pathways for carbohydrates, proteins, and fats including glycolysis, TCA cycle, beta-oxidation, and hormonal control.

FYM, compost methods (Berkely, Indore, NADEP), vermicompost, green manuring, biofertilizers, liquid manures, and nutrient management planning in organic systems.

GPS principles, trilateration, GNSS systems (NavIC, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou), DGPS, RTK, and agricultural applications.

Diseases of Grapes.

Principles and practices for seed production in cross-pollinated crops including maize, bajra, sunflower, and sorghum — isolation, roguing, and detasseling.

FAO's Climate Smart Agriculture framework: triple-win objectives, CSA practices, India's initiatives, NDCs, and linkages with SDGs.

Quality parameters, BIS standards, shelf-life enhancement, and registration procedures for biofertilizers and biopesticides in India.

Types of Indian forests, Champion & Seth classification, National Forest Policy 1988, social forestry, JFM, and afforestation programmes for ELEC 13.

Radio and Television in agricultural journalism — farm radio programs, DD Kisan channel, script writing, community radio, and broadcast techniques.

Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum — water uptake models, nutrient dynamics, evapotranspiration modeling, and SPAC concept in crop simulation.

Cultural and Mechanical Weed Management — crop rotation, stale seedbed technique, hand weeding, and tillage-based weed control methods.

Canopy Management and High-Density Planting.

BSc Agriculture notes on the five micropropagation stages: mother plant selection, culture initiation, multiplication, rooting, hardening, protocol checks, and common problems.

Growing Media and Soilless Culture.

Viral Biopesticides — Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV), Granulosis Virus (GV), production methods, and field application.

HACCP Principles and Implementation.

Course overview and lesson index for ELEC 04, focused on landscape planning, ornamental gardening, and the practical business side of landscaping.

Lawn Development and Maintenance.

Quality Seed Production — field standards, isolation, roguing, and seed production techniques for rice, wheat, maize, cotton, and vegetables.

Herbicides — classification based on timing, selectivity, mode of action, and HRAC grouping for weed management.

Supply Chain Management in agriculture — components, models, cold chain, and FPO-based supply chains.

Muta rotation, optical activity.

Study bacterial metabolism, energy flow, catabolism and anabolism, and major pathways of ATP generation in heterotrophic and autotrophic bacteria.

Rainwater Harvesting and Water Management.

Drones and IoT in Agriculture.

Understand weed life cycles, reproductive behavior, adaptation, and ecological persistence in crop environments.

Study sunflower as a modern oilseed crop, including its oil quality, origin, adaptation, plant traits, and agronomic management logic.

Understand wheat and barley as cool-season cereals, including origin, importance, ecological needs, species groups, and practical crop-management principles.

Origin, importance, major traits, adaptation, and practical significance of triticale as a wheat-rye hybrid cereal.

Production technology of chickpea covering desi and kabuli types, sowing, moisture management, nodulation support, and major biotic stresses.

Detailed guide to cotton cultivation including Bt cotton technology, varieties, fibre quality, nutrient management, IPM for bollworm and sucking pests, and harvesting.

NPOP, PGS-India, conversion period, and certification process for organic farming.

Cropping system concepts, rotation principles, intercropping types, and diversification strategies.

Learn how temperature governs crop growth, thermal time, and stress at different developmental stages.

Direct and indirect methods of soil-moisture measurement, including oven-dry method, volumetric method, tensiometers, and resistance blocks.

Changing position of farmers across Harappan, Vedic, Buddhist, Mauryan, Gupta, Sangam, and Thirukkural traditions.

How agriculture moved from food gathering to settled farming, irrigation, metal tools, and organized agrarian systems.

Understand farm and home visits, office calls, and demonstrations as important individual contact methods in extension teaching.

Study major sources of finance for agri-entrepreneurs, including institutional credit, bank lending, and equity-based support.

Learn the meaning, characteristics, formation, and major classifications of social groups in rural sociology.

Study the important pre-independence rural development experiments in India and their contribution to the growth of agricultural extension.

Lecture notes covering Communication Skills and Personality Development as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AEXT 194 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Understand active listening, empathetic listening, and feedback as core skills for effective communication and extension work.

Learn the major biomass components and the physical and chemical characteristics used to evaluate biomass for energy conversion.

Lecture notes covering Protected Cultivation and Secondary Agriculture as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AENG 252 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Learn the main systems used to cool, ventilate, circulate air, and automate greenhouse environmental control.

Lecture notes covering Farm Management, Production and Resource Economics as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AECO 342 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Learn how output changes when a variable input is combined with fixed resources, and why this relationship guides optimum input use.

Learn the principle, setup, and practical uses of plane table survey for field plotting and rapid mapping.

Learn the meaning, importance, and policy context of external trade in agricultural commodities.

Learn planning as the first management function, including its characteristics, importance, limitations, and main steps.

Understand indifference curves, marginal rate of substitution, budget line, and consumer equilibrium in the ordinal approach.

Learn the principles of creditworthiness, farm loan appraisal, project viability, repayment capacity, and risk-bearing ability.

Understand how entrepreneurs and professional managers differ in ownership, risk, vision, and operational responsibility.

Mensuration.

Types of molecular markers — RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, SSR, ISSR, SNP, DArT — principles, comparison, and applications in diversity analysis, genetic mapping, fingerprinting, and crop breeding.

Learn tractor development, classification, selection criteria, major parts, and common utilities in agricultural mechanization.

Complete guide to BSc Agriculture multiple exit options under NEP-2020 as per ICAR 6th Deans' Committee 2024. UG Certificate after Year 1, UG Diploma after Year 2, B.Sc. Degree after 4 years. Re-entry conditions, internship requirements, Academic Bank of Credits.

Core BSc Agriculture Plant Pathology courses covering plant pathogens, nematodes, crop diseases, and practical disease management.

Geographical Indications.

Differential Calculus(1).

Lec 05.

Operating System — Some.

Reclamation of sodic soils — gypsum requirement, amendments, and phytoremediation.

Learn the major nitrogenous fertilizers and the industrial processes used to convert atmospheric nitrogen into fertilizer nitrogen.

Covers CLORPT soil-formation factors and their influence on soil properties and distribution.

Forms of nutrients.

Plant Morphology.

Indigenous Knowledge in Agriculture.

Lecture notes covering Principles of Integrated Pest and Disease Management as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: PATH 374 | Credits: 3(2+1).

Fungicides — Classification and Mode of Action.

Translocation of Solutes.

Diseases of Pomegranate and Guava.

Complete guide to bunt disease of wheat: common bunt (Tilletia caries), Karnal bunt (T. indica), loose smut, flag smut, and powdery mildew — causal organisms, symptoms, disease cycle, and management.

Anatomy: Oesophageal glands.

Division I Myxomycota.

Breeding- importance.

Lecture notes covering Post-harvest Management and Value Addition of Fruits and Vegetables as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: HORT 381 | Credits: 2(1+1).

How pre-harvest environment, nutrition, water, and crop management influence post-harvest behavior.

Orchids and Anthurium — Commercial Production.

Coriander.

Brinjal.

Mango- Major Problems.

Vegetative Propagation — Cutting, Layering, Grafting, Budding.

Agrisilvicultural Systems.

Nutritional requirements.

Genetics and breeding of lentil (Lens culinaris). Rust resistance, early maturity, bold seeded types, and breeding methods for improved varieties.

Lecture notes covering Crop Improvement-I (Kharif) as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: GPBR 213 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Development of QPM, baby corn, sweet corn hybrids, and the single, double, and three-way cross systems used in maize improvement.

MAIZE.

Classification of plants.

Seed Quality.

Multiple Factor Hypothesis.

Water activity concept, microbial growth, and the basis of food preservation.

Pollination Biology and Crop Pollination.

Bee Products.

Body Segmentation-Structure.

Comprehension.

Producers, Consumers and.

In-depth coverage of CA and MA storage: physiological basis, equipment, DCA, edible coatings, MAP films, and India's apple CA infrastructure.

Effects of cooking, milling, fermentation, germination, and processing on nutrients; antinutrients and their reduction; blanching and other unit operations.

Organic IPM pyramid, botanical pesticides, biocontrol agents, copper-sulphur fungicides, and mechanical/mulching/cover crop weed management strategies.

Electromagnetic spectrum, atmospheric interactions, sensor types, spatial/spectral/temporal resolution, and key agricultural satellites.

Diseases of Pomegranate.

CMS 3-line system, EGMS, genetic male sterility, hybrid seed production in rice, maize, cotton, and sunflower — the basis of commercial hybrid seed industry.

ICAR-released stress-tolerant varieties for drought, submergence, heat, and salinity, plus crop management strategies for climate resilience.

Fundamentals of nanotechnology, classification of nanomaterials, synthesis methods, and agricultural applications including IFFCO Nano Urea.

Levels of biodiversity, India's mega-diversity, hotspots, HIPPO threats, in-situ and ex-situ conservation, Protected Area network, and CBD for ELEC 13.

Digital Media and Social Media for agricultural journalism — blogs, YouTube, Instagram, WhatsApp groups, and digital content strategies for reaching farmers.

Yield Gap Analysis — potential vs actual yield, constraint analysis, model-based diagnosis, and strategies for closing yield gaps.

Chemical Weed Control — Herbicide Classification covering pre/post-emergence timing, contact vs systemic action, and selectivity principles.

Protected Cultivation for Vegetables and Flowers.

Hardening and Acclimatization.

Hydroponics and Aeroponics.

Botanical Pesticides — Neem (azadirachtin), Pyrethrum, Rotenone, essential oils, and their role in sustainable crop protection.

Course overview and lesson index for ELEC 05, focused on food hazards, preventive systems, legal standards, and food-safety management.

Good Manufacturing Practices and GHP.

Indoor Gardening and Terrace Gardening.

Seed Processing and Storage — cleaning, grading, drying, treatment, packaging, and storage conditions for maintaining seed viability.

Biopesticides and Botanicals — types, mechanisms, neem-based products, Bt, Trichoderma, and their role in sustainable pest management.

Agri Marketing and Commodity Markets — marketing channels, APMC, eNAM, commodity exchanges, and price discovery.

Chemical Properties.

Understand how microorganisms generate ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, and proton motive force.

Dryland Farming Practices and Contingency Planning.

Yield Monitoring and Site-Specific Management.

Understand how weeds compete with crops for resources and how allelopathic effects may intensify crop suppression.

Study rapeseed-mustard as a major rabi oilseed group, including crop groups, canola concept, economic importance, climate, soils, and agronomic distinctions.

Study oats, rye, and triticale as cool-season cereals with distinct forage, grain, and adaptation value in agronomy.

Importance, major species, production context, and agronomic role of cool-season Rabi pulses in Indian agriculture.

Production overview of barley, lentil, field pea, safflower, and linseed, with their practical role in Rabi diversification and farm resilience.

Complete production guide for groundnut covering geocarpy, varieties, Rhizobium inoculation, gypsum use, IPM for tikka disease and rosette, and aflatoxin management.

Soil, seed, nutrient, weed, and crop package practices under organic farming.

Major resource conservation technologies (RCTs), applications, and efficiency gains in Indian agriculture.

Lecture notes covering Introductory Agrometeorology and Climate Change as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AGRO 105 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Understand humidity, dew point, rainfall types, and how atmospheric moisture affects farming operations.

Crop moisture extraction, water uptake in the soil-plant-atmosphere system, and the effects of soil and plant water stress on crop growth.

Agriculture, animal husbandry, trade, rainfall logic, and village administration in Kautilya's Arthashastra.

Step-by-step timeline of Indian agriculture from early domestication to post-independence research, irrigation, and Green Revolution milestones.

Study group contact methods in agricultural extension, including meetings, circular letters, demonstrations, and field trips.

Study the major schemes that support agri-entrepreneurs through subsidy, training, incubation, credit, and startup assistance.

Understand the meaning, characteristics, functions, and change processes of culture in rural sociology.

Study important post-independence rural development experiments and understand how they shaped organized extension in India.

Learn speech preparation, audience engagement, visual aids, and delivery skills for professional and extension presentations.

Learn why loose biomass is densified and study the main steps and technologies used in briquetting and similar compaction systems.

Learn how site selection, orientation, structural planning, and covering choice determine greenhouse performance and cost.

Understand diminishing marginal returns, the three stages of production, and why Stage II is the rational zone of input use.

Learn the purpose, parts, setup, and field use of the dumpy level in agricultural surveying.

Understand the meaning, structure, functions, and limits of cooperative marketing institutions in Indian agriculture.

Understand organizing as a management function, including division of work, authority, delegation, and structure design.

Learn individual demand, market demand, determinants of demand, the law of demand, and the difference between movement along a curve and shifts in demand.

Learn how agricultural finance in India evolved from informal lending to a multi-agency institutional credit system.

Understand the main stages of the entrepreneurial process, the role of organizational structure, and common barriers to entrepreneurship.

Trigonometry Basics.

MAS types — foreground, background, MABB, pyramiding, genomic selection — QTL mapping methods, association mapping (GWAS), fine mapping, and success stories in Indian crop breeding.

Learn the meaning of tillage, its major objectives, main categories, and the basic tillage systems used in crop production.

Complete guide to the 6 Skill Enhancement Courses (SEC I–VI) in BSc Agriculture as per ICAR 6th Deans' Committee 2024. What SECs cover, institution-wise options, evaluation pattern, and how to make the most of SECs.

Core BSc Agriculture study section covering genetics, seed technology, plant breeding, crop improvement, and plant biotechnology.

Career options after BSc Agriculture include IBPS AFO, NABARD Grade A, FCI AGT, ICAR Scientist, State Agriculture Officer, AgriTech, agribusiness, MSc Agriculture, and MBA. Complete career guide with roles, salaries, and eligibility.

Trade Secrets.

Differential Calculus(2).

Lec 06.

WINDOWS: GUI, Desktop &.

Saline-sodic soils — properties and combined management approach.

Manufacturing of.

Introduces soil horizons, profile development, and diagnostic features for field interpretation.

Understand how nutrients move from soil to the root surface and how roots absorb them for plant growth.

Reproduction in Plants.

Agricultural Revolution in India.

Fungicide Application Methods and Resistance Management.

Transpiration.

Diseases of Papaya and Other Tropical Fruits.

Diseases of Maize.

Male Reproductive System.

Division II Eumycota.

Housing management-farm.

Primary and secondary causes of post-harvest losses in fruits and vegetables.

Jasmine and Crossandra — Production Technology.

Cumin.

Bhendi.

Banana — Soil, Climate.

Orchard Planning and Layout Systems.

Some Sub Systems.

Techniques of in vitro.

Lecture notes covering Crop Improvement-II (Rabi) as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: GPBR 214 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Breeding for yield and disease resistance in field pea (Pisum sativum). Powdery mildew resistance, semi-leafless types, and modern breeding approaches.

Breeding objectives for grain and fodder sorghum with emphasis on the CMS system and dual-purpose cultivar development.

SORGHUM.

Botanical description and.

Classes of Seed.

Quantitative Traits.

Thermal processing of foods — blanching, pasteurization, sterilization, and UHT.

Silkworm Biology and Life Cycle.

Effect of agricultural inputs.

Metamorphosis And Diapa.

Comprehension.

Bio-diversity: Definition, Clas.

Drying methods (sun, hot air, spray, freeze), canning, freezing, pickling, fermentation, and juice processing — principles, processes, and quality parameters.

Categories of food additives (preservatives, antioxidants, colours, emulsifiers, sweeteners), food preservation principles (heat, cold, drying, MAP, irradiation), water activity, and hurdle technology.

FAO definition, three pillars of CA, history, global and India adoption, benefits, challenges, and comparison of tillage systems.

Image preprocessing, visual interpretation, supervised and unsupervised classification, accuracy assessment, and vegetation indices including NDVI, SAVI, and EVI.

Learn the major diseases listed for guava and related fruit crops in this lesson, with emphasis on symptom recognition and management logic.

Unit operations in seed processing, ISTA quality testing procedures, germination, vigour, purity, moisture, and seed health testing methods.

SRI, AWD, deficit irrigation, rainwater harvesting, soil organic carbon, biochar, conservation tillage, and INM for climate-resilient agriculture.

Types, mechanisms, and agronomic performance of nanofertilizers including IFFCO nano-urea, nano-DAP, nano-zinc, and slow-release systems.

CPR definition, rural importance, Ostrom's theory, JFM, and key environmental laws (EPA 1986, FCA 1980, WPA 1972, BDA 2002, NGT 2010) for ELEC 13.

Agricultural Photography — field photography techniques, documentation of farming practices, visual storytelling, and ethical considerations.

Learn how agro-advisory services work in India and why weather-based advisories are important for crop decision-making.

Herbicide Selectivity and Mode of Action — ALS inhibitors, ACCase inhibitors, PSII inhibitors, EPSPS inhibitors, and auxin mimics.

Post-Harvest Technology and Cold Chain.

Applications — Virus-Free Plants and Clonal Propagation.

Crop Production Under Protected Conditions.

Course overview and lesson index for ELEC 06, focused on biological crop-protection inputs, biological nutrient inputs, and their production and marketing.

Introduction to Biofertilizers — definition, types, classification, and importance in sustainable agriculture.

Learn the purpose, structure, and practical importance of the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 in India.

Rock Garden Water Garden and Japanese Garden.

Seed Certification and Testing — certification process, field and seed standards, seed testing procedures, and ISTA rules.

Pesticide Formulations and Application — types of formulations, application equipment, dosage calculation, and safe handling practices.

Risk Management in Agriculture — types of agricultural risks, crop insurance, hedging, and risk mitigation strategies.

Lipids.

Study autotrophic and heterotrophic microbial metabolism, including fermentation, respiration, chemolithotrophy, and photosynthesis.

Bunds, check dams, farm ponds, terracing, gully control, and vegetative measures for soil and water conservation in rainfed watersheds.

Understand GPS working principles, NavIC India-specific constellation, error sources, RTK accuracy, and field applications for precision agriculture.

Study the main non-chemical approaches to weed control, including prevention, mechanical removal, tillage, rotation, and crop-based suppression.

Study safflower as a specialty oilseed crop, including its oil quality, by-products, adaptation, climate, soil, and management principles.

Origin, importance, adaptation, and practical production features of sorghum.

Lecture notes covering Crop Production Technology-I (Kharif Crops) as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AGRO 301 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Importance, origin, types, agronomy, and practical management of lentil under Indian Rabi conditions.

Practical irrigation scheduling and weed-management strategy across major Rabi crops.

Complete guide to soybean cultivation covering the Golden Bean's importance, varieties, Rhizobium inoculation, weed management, IPM, and harvest practices in Madhya Pradesh and India.

Earthworm species, methods, quality benchmarks, and farm-scale vermicompost production.

Nutrient cycles in agricultural ecosystems, biological nitrogen fixation, energy use efficiency, carbon cycling, and nutrient use efficiency in integrated farming.

Study wind measurement, major wind types, and both the beneficial and harmful effects of wind on crops.

Crop water requirement, evapotranspiration, consumptive use, irrigation requirement, and factors affecting crop water demand.

Agricultural ideas from Sangam literature, especially Tholkappiyam and Thirukkural, including land, crops, irrigation, and agronomic practice.

Agricultural administration, rainfall logic, crop-season planning, and traditional agrarian practices from Arthashastra and Sangam literature.

Understand small group discussion techniques such as lecture, dialogue, symposium, and debate in extension teaching.

Understand agricultural start-ups, FPOs, incubation support, and emerging entrepreneurship opportunities in India.

Learn the meaning of values and attitudes, their social roots, and their importance in behaviour change and extension work.

Learn the concept, objectives, organization, and significance of the Community Development Programme in India.

Understand evaluation criteria, preparation methods, and communication strategies for group discussions and interviews.

Understand the stages of biomass combustion, the role of air supply and mixing, and the main combustion-system types used for biomass energy.

Study the frame and covering materials used in greenhouse construction and compare them on strength, durability, and cost.

Learn fixed cost, variable cost, total cost, average cost, and marginal cost concepts used in farm production decisions.

Understand the basic methods used to compute area and earthwork volume from survey data.

Learn why governments intervene in agricultural trade and how quality control systems support fair and efficient markets.

Learn directing as a management function through supervision, leadership, motivation, and communication in agribusiness.

Understand price, income, and cross elasticity of demand, their degrees, methods of measurement, and why elasticity matters in agricultural markets.

Understand the role of commercial banks in agricultural lending, including nationalization, rural branch expansion, priority sector lending, and agricultural credit delivery.

Learn how organizations become receptive to innovation through entrepreneurial policies, practices, and performance measurement.

Learn the Cartesian coordinate system, distance, slope, and line equations with agricultural applications.

Structural and functional genomics — crop genome sequencing, NGS technologies, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, reverse genetics (RNAi, TILLING), bioinformatics tools, and comparative genomics.

Study the major primary tillage implements, their parts, working principles, and field uses in soil opening and inversion.

Complete guide to Deeksharambh — the 2-week induction programme for new BSc Agriculture students as per ICAR 6th Deans' Committee 2024. Schedule, activities, objectives, and what to expect.

Agricultural Engineering study material for BSc Agriculture students, covering machinery, water, structures, post-harvest systems, and renewable energy.

Complete competitive exam ecosystem for BSc Agriculture graduates — academic entrance (CUET, ICAR AIEEA), banking (IBPS AFO, NABARD), central govt (FCI, SSC), state services (ADO, AO), research (ASRB NET, ARS), commodity boards, agribusiness MBA, and private sector pathways.

Understand how patents, biodiversity rules, and benefit-sharing issues intersect with agricultural biotechnology.

Differential Equations.

Lec 07.

MSWORD: Word-processing.

Acid soils — characteristics, aluminum and manganese toxicity, and distribution in India.

Manufacturing of urea.

Explains soil texture and core physical properties that control water, air, and root behavior.

Nitrogen—Transformation.

Photosynthesis.

Understand the major institutions that support agricultural research, education, extension, and national agricultural development in India.

Host Plant Resistance — Concepts and Types.

Mineral Nutrition.

Diseases of Apple — Scab, Fire Blight, Canker.

Diseases of Sorghum and Pearl Millet.

Biology of Plant Parasitic.

Subdivision Zygomycotina.

Systems of housing.

Ripening Chemicals.

Loose Flowers — Production and Marketing.

Fenugreek.

Cucurbitaceous Vegetables.

Banana — Major Production.

Training and Pruning of Fruit Crops.

Silvipasture System.

Micro propagation.

Breeding objectives in rapeseed-mustard (Brassica juncea/napus). Oil content improvement, erucic acid reduction, yellow seeded types, and hybrid development.

CMS-based hybrid development, nutritional improvement, and biofortification strategies in pearl millet.

FINGER MILLET.

Maize - Zea mays (2n.

Seed Production in Maize.

Cytoplasmic Inheritance.

Dehydration and concentration methods — sun drying, mechanical drying, freeze-drying, and osmotic dehydration.

Sericulture — Mulberry Cultivation and Rearing.

Role of pollinators weed.

Types Of Larvae And Pupae.

Homonyms.

Learn the meaning of pollution, types of pollutants, major air pollutants, their effects, and common control strategies.

Value addition concepts; fruit and vegetable products; cereal, pulse, and dairy value addition; agricultural waste utilization; nutraceuticals and functional foods.

Types of food spoilage (microbial, chemical, physical), key spoilage organisms, foodborne diseases, mycotoxins (aflatoxin, ochratoxin), HACCP principles, and indicator organisms.

Zero-till equipment (Happy Seeder, ZTFSD, strip-till), stubble burning problem, alternatives to burning, government schemes, and mulching in conservation agriculture.

Crop area estimation, soil mapping, drought and flood monitoring, disease detection, precision soil sampling, FASAL programme, and PMFBY remote sensing applications.

Disease of Apple.

Seed longevity, Harrington's rules, storage structures including hermetic storage, seed packaging materials, labelling requirements under Seed Act.

NICRA, NAPCC, NMSA, PMFBY, PM-KUSUM, watershed development, India's NDCs, and state climate action plans for agriculture adaptation.

Nanoencapsulation techniques, targeted delivery systems, and case studies in nano-enabled pesticide formulations.

EIA definition, India's EIA Notification 2006, screening, scoping, baseline study, impact prediction, EMP, public hearing, Leopold matrix for ELEC 13.

Science Communication — translating agricultural research into farmer-friendly language, popular science writing techniques, and effective science journalism.

Decision Support Systems — Nutrient Expert, STCR-based recommendations, pest forecasting systems, and DSS architecture for agriculture.

Herbicide Resistance — mechanisms of resistance, resistant weed populations worldwide and in India, and management strategies.

Organic Horticulture.

Somaclonal Variation and Genetic Fidelity.

Course overview and lesson index for ELEC 07, focused on controlled-environment production, structure management, crop performance, and enterprise economics.

Pest and Disease Management in Protected Cultivation.

Nitrogen-Fixing Biofertilizers — Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Blue-Green Algae, and Azolla in agricultural systems.

Food Labeling and Packaging Regulations.

Landscape for Institutions and Public Spaces.

Private Sector in Plant Breeding — role of seed companies, R&D investment, molecular breeding, and public-private partnerships.

Learn what pesticide residues are, how they are regulated, what affects residue levels, and how safe use practices protect food and human health.

Agri-Food Processing Industry — sectors, technologies, government schemes, and business opportunities in food processing.

Study major, minor, unusual, and essential fatty acids along with simple and compound lipids.

Understand the structure, composition, host specificity, and significance of bacteriophages as bacterial viruses.

Pre-designed alternative crop plans for delayed monsoon, dry spells, floods, and aberrant weather — CRIDA district plans, short-duration varieties, and farm pond use.

Learn how Geographic Information Systems capture, store, and analyze spatial agricultural data — from soil mapping to watershed delineation using ArcGIS, QGIS, and ISRO's Bhuvan.

Learn how herbicides and biological agents are used in weed control, along with their benefits, limits, and safe use principles.

Study castor as a commercial non-edible oilseed crop, including its industrial importance, origin, climate, soil, plant traits, and management logic.

Lecture notes covering Crop Production Technology-II (Rabi Crops) as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AGRO 302 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Study pearl millet as a major dryland cereal, including origin, importance, adaptation, ecological zones, and agronomic strengths.

Importance, types, adaptation, and agronomic management of field pea as a cool-season Rabi pulse crop.

Complete guide to potato cultivation — varieties, agronomy, IPM, storage, and economics for Rabi season production in India.

Comprehensive guide to sugarcane cultivation covering sett planting, varieties, earthing up, trash mulching, red rot disease, ratoon crop management, and ethanol uses.

System-level organic production strategy across major crops and conversion economics.

Classification, important systems, species, benefits, carbon sequestration, and national policy of agroforestry in India — with regional examples.

Learn the mechanism, branches, withdrawal, and agricultural significance of the Indian monsoon.

Crop-wise water requirement and critical irrigation stages in rice, groundnut, finger millet, sugarcane, maize, cotton, sorghum, and pulses.

Traditional astronomical and observational methods used in Indian agriculture for seasonal weather and rainfall prediction.

Definition of agronomy, disciplinary scope, linkage with allied sciences, and the practical role of an agronomist.

Study radio, television, posters, films, and other mass contact methods used in agricultural extension.

Learn core marketing management concepts for agri-entrepreneurs, including the 4Ps, segmentation, and agricultural pricing strategy.

Understand the meaning, characteristics, and major types of social institutions in rural society.

Understand democratic decentralization, the three-tier Panchayati Raj structure, and its role in rural development.

Learn the Big Five, MBTI, Type A and Type B patterns, and practical tools for self-awareness and personality assessment.

Learn what a gasifier does, the major stages inside a gasifier, and the main technology choices used in biomass gasifier design.

Understand the space, load, service-building, and erection criteria that guide functional greenhouse design.

Understand economies and diseconomies of scale, break-even logic, and how farm size influences cost efficiency.

Learn the major agronomic, vegetative, and engineering measures used to control soil erosion.

Study warehousing functions, warehouse receipts, and the role of FCI in procurement, buffer stocks, and food distribution.

Understand controlling as a management function through standards, performance review, deviation analysis, and corrective action.

Learn Engel's law of family expenditure, how household spending patterns change with income, and why family budget studies matter in agricultural economics.

Learn why Regional Rural Banks were created, how they function, and what role they play in serving small farmers and weaker rural sections.

Understand the major internal and external sources from which entrepreneurial opportunities emerge.

Matrices and Determinants.

Methods of genetic transformation — Agrobacterium, biolistic, floral dip — selection and confirmation, transgenic crops globally and in India, regulatory framework, and biosafety concerns.

Learn the major implements used in secondary tillage, seedbed finishing, leveling, and wetland preparation.

Top 10 & top 20 agricultural universities in India ranked by NIRF 2025. Detailed profiles: location, BSc Agriculture programs, fees, admission process, research strengths, and how to choose the best agricultural college for you.

Broad career map after BSc Agriculture, organized by priority, exam type, sector, and long-term direction.

International Agreements.

Equation of a circle.

Lec 08.

MSEXCEL: Electronic.

Lime requirement and acid soil management — liming materials, methods, and acid-tolerant crops.

Slow release N fertilizers.

Describes soil structure types, grades, and their effect on tilth, aeration, and root growth.

Phosphorus.

Respiration.

Agriculture in Indian Culture.

The gene-for-gene hypothesis was proposed by Harold Henry Flor in 1956. Learn how R-genes and Avr genes interact, the guard hypothesis, and implications for IPDM.

Mechanism of Uptake-.

Diseases of Tomato — Early Blight, Late Blight, Wilt.

Diseases of Chickpea and Pigeonpea.

Taxonomy of Plant Parasitic.

Subdivision Ascomycotina.

Learn the immediate care, colostrum feeding, housing, hygiene, and heifer management practices required for healthy calf rearing.

Methods of Storage.

Landscaping — Principles and Design Elements.

Lemongrass.

Ridge Gourd.

Citrus.

Irrigation and Nutrient Management in Horticulture.

Learn agrisilvopastoral systems, home gardens, woody hedgerows, and related integrated land-use models.

Anther and microspore.

Heterosis breeding and quality improvement in sunflower (Helianthus annuus). CMS-based hybrids, high oleic acid breeding, and disease resistance.

Genetics of male sterility, CGMS-based hybrid development, and disease resistance breeding in pigeonpea.

PEARL MILLET.

Small Millets.

Hybrid Seed Production in.

Methods of inducing.

Low temperature preservation — refrigeration, freezing, IQF, and cold chain management.

Silk Reeling and Post-Cocoon Technology.

Insect ecology and.

Structure-Digestive System.

Homophones.

Global Warming and Climate.

Packaging types and materials; active and intelligent packaging; pack houses; cold storage and transport infrastructure; food processing parks and government schemes.

FSSAI, AGMARK, BIS, Codex Alimentarius, food labelling regulations, food adulteration, FSS Act 2006, and quality attributes in food safety and trade.

Zero Budget Natural Farming four pillars (Beejamrit, Jeevamrit, Mulching, Waaphasa), Andhra Pradesh scaling, Fukuoka method, biodynamic farming, permaculture, and comparison of natural farming systems.

Site-specific crop management, precision farming cycle, soil sampling strategies, VRT, yield monitoring, sensors, FMIS, and economics of precision agriculture.

Diseases of Chilli.

Seed distribution systems, pricing logic, enterprise setup, support schemes, and business opportunities in the seed sector.

Agriculture as both a greenhouse-gas source and a mitigation pathway through soil carbon, methane reduction, nutrient efficiency, and carbon-market approaches.

Biosafety principles, safety testing, and Indian and international regulation of bioformulations and nano-agricultural products.

Learn how sustainable development, policy frameworks, and governance approaches shape natural-resource management.

Learn the meaning, types, design logic, and communication value of extension literature in agricultural information systems.

Climate Change Impact Assessment — RCP/SSP scenarios, crop model projections, adaptation planning, and mitigation strategies for Indian agriculture.

Learn how cultural, mechanical, chemical, biological, and preventive methods are combined in an integrated weed-management system.

Learn how horticultural production becomes export-oriented through quality, traceability, infrastructure, and market compliance.

Course overview and lesson index for ELEC 08, focused on plant tissue culture, micropropagation methods, acclimatization, and industry applications.

Learn how micropropagation becomes a commercial enterprise through laboratory scale-up, quality control, marketing, and economic planning.

Learn how investment, operating cost, crop choice, and marketing strategy determine the success of protected cultivation.

Phosphorus Biofertilizers — Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB), VAM/AM fungi, mechanisms, and agricultural applications.

Global Food Safety Standards.

Learn why maintenance is essential in landscaping and how ornamental horticulture creates practical business opportunities.

Learn how intellectual-property systems protect plant-breeding innovation while balancing breeder, farmer, and researcher interests.

Integrated Use of Agrochemicals — combining pesticides, fertilizers, and bioagents in IPM and INM for sustainable crop production.

Learn the role of export-import trade in agribusiness, major commodities, institutions, procedures, and policy considerations.

Learn the major phage multiplication cycles, including lytic growth, lysogeny, prophage formation, and lysogenic conversion.

Evolution of watershed programmes from DPAP to PMKSY-WDC, key institutions, success stories (Ralegan Siddhi, Sukhomajri), and impacts of watershed development.

Explore how satellite remote sensing, vegetation indices (NDVI, EVI, NDWI), and platforms like Sentinel-2 and Resourcesat-2 are used for crop area estimation, yield forecasting, and stress detection.

Understand integrated weed management as a planned combination of methods that keeps weeds below economic damage levels.

Study linseed as a dual-purpose oil and fibre crop, including its uses, crop types, origin questions, climate, soil, and agronomic significance.

Study finger millet as a resilient small millet, including origin, morphology, adaptation, climate, soils, varieties, and stand-establishment principles.

Importance, adaptation, and agronomic management of French bean as a pulse and vegetable-type legume in Indian systems.

Comprehensive coverage of rapeseed and mustard cultivation — species, varieties, agronomy, IPM, oil quality, and economics for Rabi season.

Production guide for sorghum covering grain, fodder, and sweet types, CSH hybrids, shoot fly and stem borer IPM, anti-quality traits, and dual-purpose management.

Jeevamrit, Panchagavya, Beejamrit, FPJ, FAA, seaweed extract, and vermiwash use cases.

Lecture notes covering Farming System and Sustainable Agriculture as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AGRO 106 | Credits: 1(1+0).

Food security pillars, India's food production journey, SDGs, sustainable intensification, national food security schemes, and addressing post-harvest losses.