Agriculture

Agronomy study material for BSc Agriculture students, covering crop production, crop management, water, weather, weeds, and farming systems.

Complete career scope for MSc Agricultural Economics graduates in India — ICAR JRF, NABARD Grade A, RBI Grade B, UPSC IES, UGC NET, international organizations, and private sector. Official notifications, salary details, and eligibility.

Meaning, structure, recognition, and academic scope of the BSc Agriculture degree in India.

Learn what intellectual property is, the main types of IPR, and why intellectual property matters in agriculture and innovation.

Learn the basic coordinate geometry of straight lines, slope, and standard equation forms used in applied mathematics.

Lecture notes covering Statistical Methods as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: STAM 101 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Learn what statistics studies, how data are collected, and how primary, secondary, qualitative, and quantitative data are classified.

Learn what a computer is, how input-processing-output works, and the main hardware parts of a basic computer system.

Introduction to problematic soils — types, extent in India, and impact on agricultural productivity.

BSc Agriculture notes on types of manures: bulky organic manures, concentrated organic manures, FYM, compost, vermicompost, green manures, oil cakes, bone meal, and nutrient content.

Lecture notes covering Fundamentals of Soil Science as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: SSAC 121 | Credits: 3(2+1).

Learn what soil science studies and how pedological and edaphological viewpoints help us understand soils in agriculture.

Learn what soil chemistry studies and why chemical reactions in soil matter for nutrient availability, contamination, and crop response.

Understand the cell as the basic unit of life, the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and the major organelles of plant cells.

Lecture notes covering Agricultural Heritage as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: RMED 101 | Credits: 1(1+0).

Learn the early roots of Indian agriculture, major classical texts, and the role of traditional agricultural knowledge in shaping later farming systems.

Learn why IPDM developed, how it differs from routine pesticide-based control, and what principles guide integrated pest and disease management.

Lecture notes covering Fundamentals of Crop Physiology as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: PPHY 261 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Learn what crop physiology studies and why understanding plant function is essential for crop productivity and stress management.

Diseases of Mango — Anthracnose, Powdery Mildew, Malformation.

Learn the basic framework of crop disease management, including the disease triangle, pathogen groups, and integrated disease management.

Learn what plant nematology studies, why plant-parasitic nematodes matter in agriculture, and how the subject developed.

Lecture notes covering Fundamentals of Plant Pathology as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: PATH 171 | Credits: 4(3+1).

Learn the meaning, scope, objectives, and practical importance of plant pathology in crop protection.

Lecture notes covering Livestock and Poultry Management as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: LPM 201 | Credits: 4(3+1).

Understand how livestock and poultry support farm income, nutrition, soil fertility, and risk reduction in Indian agriculture.

Why post-harvest management matters for reducing losses, protecting quality, and improving value realization.

Ornamental horticulture is vital for economic growth, employment, environmental health, and human well-being. Learn its importance, branches, classification, and scope in India.

Ginger.

Nutritional, economic, export, and public health importance of vegetable cultivation.

Economic, nutritional, industrial, and national importance of fruit crops in India.

Lecture notes covering Fundamentals of Horticulture as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: HORT 180 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Meaning, scope, branches, and agricultural importance of horticulture.

Lecture notes covering Introduction to Forestry as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: FRST 201 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Understand the productive and protective roles of forests in economy, ecology, and rural livelihoods.

Core meaning, evolution, major branches, and agricultural applications of plant biotechnology.

Origin, cytogenetics, and breeding objectives of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Hexaploid genome AABBDD, yield improvement, rust resistance, and quality breeding.

Understand the meaning, goals, and major methods of crop improvement for kharif crops.

Study the origin, species relationships, breeding objectives, and ideal plant type in rice improvement.

Understand the aims, objectives, and long-term role of plant breeding in crop improvement.

Understand the meaning, importance, and basic principles of seed production and how it differs from ordinary crop production.

Lecture notes covering Fundamentals of Genetics as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: GPBR 111 | Credits: 3(2+1).

Trace the development of genetics from pre-Mendelian ideas to chromosome theory and molecular genetics.

Lecture notes covering Principles of Food Science and Nutrition as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: FST 201 | Credits: 2(2+0).

Introduction to Food Science — definition, scope, and the food industry in India.

Introduction to Beneficial Insects in Agriculture.

Understand applied entomology, its scope, and the economic classification of insects in agriculture.

Lecture notes covering Fundamentals of Entomology as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: ENTO 231 | Credits: 4(3+1).

Study the historical development of entomology in India and understand the importance of insects within the animal kingdom.

Lecture notes covering Comprehension and Communication Skills in English as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: ENGL 101 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Learn how to read a prose passage critically by identifying its main idea, tone, and supporting argument.

Lecture notes covering Environmental Studies and Disaster Management as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: ENVS 302 | Credits: 3(2+1).

Understand what environmental studies covers, why it is multidisciplinary, and why it matters for sustainable development.

Lecture notes covering post-harvest losses, handling, storage, processing, packaging, value addition, and enterprise policy as per ICAR 6th Deans' Committee 2024. Course Code: ELEC 21 | Credits: 4(3+1).

Lecture notes covering food composition, nutritional needs, digestion, processing, spoilage, quality standards, and food safety as per ICAR 6th Deans' Committee 2024. Course Code: ELEC 20 | Credits: 4(3+1).

Lecture notes covering organic farming principles, certification, nutrient and pest management, conservation agriculture, natural farming, and market-policy aspects as per ICAR 6th Deans' Committee 2024. Course Code: ELEC 19 | Credits: 4(3+1).

Lecture notes covering GIS, GPS, remote sensing, image analysis, crop monitoring, and precision-farming technologies as per ICAR 6th Deans' Committee 2024. Course Code: ELEC 18 | Credits: 4(3+1).

Study the important diseases of citrus and learn how symptoms, spread, and management differ across gummosis, scab, canker, and tristeza.

Lecture notes covering seed industry structure, seed production systems, quality assurance, storage, and seed business management as per ICAR 6th Deans' Committee 2024. Course Code: ELEC 16 | Credits: 4(3+1).

Importance of quality seed, growth of the Indian seed sector, and major laws and policies governing seed quality and farmers' rights.

Lecture notes covering climate change evidence, agricultural vulnerability, climate-smart adaptation, and mitigation strategies as per ICAR 6th Deans' Committee 2024. Course Code: ELEC 15 | Credits: 4(3+1).

Scientific evidence, greenhouse gases, IPCC findings, and India-specific climate trends relevant to agriculture.

Lecture notes covering biological and nano-enabled agricultural formulations, their production, quality control, and regulation as per ICAR 6th Deans' Committee 2024. Course Code: ELEC 14 | Credits: 4(3+1).

Definition, background, need, types, advantages, and limits of bioformulations in sustainable agriculture.

Understand what natural resources are, how they are classified, and why their management is central to agriculture and development.

Understand what agricultural journalism is, why it matters, and how it connects science, policy, and farmer decision-making.

Understand what agricultural systems modeling is, why systems thinking matters, and how models help interpret and predict crop performance.

Understand what weeds are, why they survive so successfully, and why weed management is central to profitable crop production.

Understand what hi-tech horticulture means, why it is needed, and which technologies make horticultural production more precise and market-oriented.

Understand the meaning, principle, history, and importance of plant tissue culture as the foundation of micropropagation.

Understand what protected cultivation is, why it is needed, and how it changes crop production compared with open-field farming.

Understand what biopesticides are, how they are classified, why they matter in sustainable agriculture, and where they fit in crop protection.

Understand what food safety means, why it matters, and how the farm-to-fork approach helps prevent food-borne illness.

Understand the major principles of landscape design and how they guide the arrangement of plants, structures, and open space.

Understand the structure of the seed industry, the seed chain, key institutions, and the regulatory framework governing quality seed.

Understand what agrochemicals are, how they are classified, and why classification matters for safe and effective agricultural use.

Course overview and lesson index for ELEC 01, focused on the business, marketing, processing, and trade dimensions of agriculture.

Understand the meaning, scope, components, and significance of agribusiness in modern agriculture.

Lecture notes covering Fundamentals of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: BIC 101 | Credits: 3(2+1).

Learn what biochemistry studies and understand the importance, occurrence, and classification of carbohydrates.

Lecture notes covering Agricultural Microbiology as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AMBE 101 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Course overview and lecture index for AGRO 101, covering core agronomy principles together with basic agricultural meteorology.

Lecture notes covering Fundamentals of Agricultural Extension Education as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AEXT 191 | Credits: 3(2+1).

Lecture notes covering Introductory Soil and Water Conservation Engineering as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AENG 151 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Lecture notes covering Fundamentals of Agricultural Economics as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AECO 141 | Credits: 2(2+0).

Build a strong foundation in number systems, arithmetic operations, and BODMAS for agricultural calculations.

Lecture notes covering tissue culture, molecular breeding, genomics, transformation, genome editing, and biotech regulation as per ICAR 6th Deans' Committee 2024. Course Code: ELEC 17 | Credits: 4(3+1).

Detailed lecture notes and study materials covering Farm Power and Machinery. Perfect for academic and professional preparation.

A complete BSc Agriculture hub with course details, semester-wise subjects, syllabus, study notes, eligibility, and career guidance.

A practical BSc Agriculture horticulture gateway covering core crop production, propagation, floriculture, plantation crops, and post-harvest topics.

BSc Agriculture eligibility requires 10+2 with PCB/PCM/Agriculture and 50% marks. Admission via ICAR AIEEA or state CETs. Complete guide to eligibility criteria, age limit, entrance exams, and college-wise admission process.

Patents.

3D Analytical Geometry.

Lec 02.

Lecture notes covering Agri-Informatics as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: STAM 102 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Units of Memory, Hardware.

Saline soils — characteristics, genesis, and distribution in India.

Green manures-Oilcakes-.

Explains Earth's origin and geologic evolution as a foundation for soil genesis in BSc Agriculture.

Lecture notes covering Soil Chemistry, Soil Fertility and Nutrient Management as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: SSAC 122 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Soil pH and Buffer pH.

Lecture notes covering Introductory Biology as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: RMED 102 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Cell Division.

Indus Valley Civilization and Agriculture.

Plant Quarantine and Regulatory Methods.

Significance of Water.

Diseases of Citrus — Canker, Greening, Gummosis.

Diseases of Rice — Blast, Brown Spot, Sheath Blight.

History of Nematology in India.

Understand the major biotic groups that cause plant disease and how they differ in nature, spread, and examples.

Various systems of livestock.

Maturity indices, harvesting.

Rose — Varieties, Propagation, and Production Technology.

Turmeric.

Vegetable gardens.

Lecture notes covering Production Technology for Fruit and Plantation Crops as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: HORT 181 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Overview of fruit area, output, post-harvest losses, and export trends in India.

Classification of Horticultural Crops.

Status Of Forests.

History of plant tissue.

Breeding methods in wheat including pedigree, backcross, and shuttle breeding. Rust resistance genes and quality parameters for bread and chapati wheat.

Origin, taxonomy, and botanical description of Oryza sativa with a focus on indica and japonica subspecies and key breeding objectives.

Rice Varieties Released.

Modes of Reproduction.

Lecture notes covering Principles of Seed Technology as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: GPBR 112 | Credits: 3(1+2).

Seed Policy.

Mendel’s laws of genetics: Law of Dominance, Law of Segregation, and Law of Independent Assortment. Proposed by Gregor Mendel — the father of genetics — using garden pea experiments.

Carbohydrates in food — monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, and dietary fiber.

Honeybee Species, Biology, and Colony Organization.

Lecture notes covering Pests of Crops and Stored Grains and their Management as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: ENTO 232 | Credits: 3(2+1).

History of bee keeping.

Factors for insects abundance.

Comprehension: Reading.

Nature Resourses: Renew.

Types and causes of post-harvest losses and the main physiological processes responsible for deterioration after harvest.

Major nutrients, protective food components, and the nutritive value of important food groups.

Definition, principles, history, major systems, and comparison of organic farming with conventional agriculture.

Meaning, components, historical development, and agricultural importance of geoinformatics in India.

Diseases of Mango.

Detailed coverage of seed classes (Breeder, Foundation, Certified, TL), certification process, field standards, and quality declared seed.

Detailed analysis of how climate change affects crop yields, livestock, water resources, pests, and livelihoods in Indian agriculture.

Carrier-based, liquid, and granular biofertilizer formulations — production methods, quality standards, and inoculation techniques.

Land use statistics, soil erosion types, USLE formula, land capability classification, and conservation practices for ELEC 13 Natural Resources Management.

Agricultural Information Sources — ICAR publications, KVK reports, research journals, databases, and digital repositories for agricultural knowledge.

Crop Growth Models — structure, inputs, and applications of DSSAT, APSIM, WOFOST, and InfoCrop simulation platforms.

Weed Biology and Ecology — reproduction, seed bank dynamics, competitive interactions, and allelopathy in weed populations.

Precision Farming in Horticulture.

Laboratory Setup and Media Preparation.

Types of Protected Structures — Greenhouse Polyhouse Net House.

Bacterial Biopesticides — Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), Cry proteins, strains, formulations, and Bacillus subtilis in crop protection.

Food-Borne Diseases and Microbial Hazards.

Elements and Components of Landscaping.

DUS Testing and Variety Registration — distinctness, uniformity, stability testing, and the PPV&FR Act for plant variety protection.

Course overview and lesson index for ELEC 02, focused on agrochemicals, their safe use, and their role in integrated pest management.

Insecticides — chemical groups, mode of action, systemic vs contact insecticides, and IRAC classification.

Agribusiness Environment — micro and macro environmental factors affecting agribusiness operations in India.

Occurrence & Structure.

Lecture notes covering Rural Sociology and Educational Psychology as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AEXT 391 | Credits: 2(2+0).

Lecture notes covering Farm Machinery and Power as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: FMP 211 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Lecture notes covering Agricultural Finance and Co-Operation as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AECO 241 | Credits: 3(2+1).

Algebra.

Totipotency, culture requirements, morphogenesis, specialized culture systems, and major agricultural applications of plant tissue culture.

Core Soil Science courses for BSc Agriculture covering soil formation, properties, fertility, nutrient management, fertilizers and problematic soils.

Complete BSc Agriculture subjects list — all 8 semesters, 21 disciplines, year-wise breakdown as per ICAR 6th Deans' Committee Syllabus 2024. Covers agronomy, genetics, horticulture, soil science, entomology, and 16 more subjects with lesson links.

Plant Variety Protection.

Bionomial.

Lec 03.

Personal Computers, Types.

Management of saline soils — leaching, drainage, salt-tolerant crops, and bio-drainage.

Lecture notes covering Manures, Fertilizers and Soil Fertility Management as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: SSAC 222 | Credits: 3(2+1).

Composting of organic.

Covers major rocks, minerals, and their role in parent material and soil development for BSc Agriculture.

Soil pH and Percent Base.

Biomolecules.

Medieval Indian Agriculture.

Cultural Methods of Disease Management.

Understand field capacity, soil water storage, and basic water-potential terms used to explain water availability to plants.

Diseases of Banana — Panama Wilt, Sigatoka, Bunchy Top.

Lecture notes covering Diseases of Field & Horticultural Crops & their Management-I as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: PATH 272 | Credits: 3(2+1).

Diseases of Rice — BLB, Tungro, False Smut.

Morphology and Anatomy.

General Characters of fungi.

Integrated Farming.

Maturity and Ripening process.

Chrysanthemum and Marigold — Production Technology.

Pepper.

Lecture notes covering Production Technology of Vegetables and Flowers. Course Code: HORT 281 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Vegetable classification.

Classification Of Fruits.

Climate and Soil Requirements for Horticultural Crops.

Agroforestry.

Scope and importance.

Breeding objectives and methods in barley (Hordeum vulgare). 2-row vs 6-row barley, malting quality traits, and disease resistance breeding.

Pedigree, mutation, and hybrid rice breeding including CMS systems and notable released varieties of rice in India.

Hybrid Rice Seed.

Lecture notes covering Fundamentals of Plant Breeding as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: GPBR 211 | Credits: 3(2+1).

Learn the meaning, types, and breeding importance of apomixis.

Seed Demand Forecasting &.

Types of Gene Action.

Proteins and lipids in foods — amino acids, essential fatty acids, and food sources.

Lecture notes covering Management of Beneficial Insects as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: ENTO 233 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Apiculture Equipment and Management.

Apiary Management.

Classification Of Phylum.

Synonyms.

Nature Resources: Forest, En.

Maturity indices and harvesting standards for major crops; post-harvest handling operations including sorting, grading, pre-cooling, curing, and packaging.

ICMR 2020 RDA values, malnutrition in India (PEM, anaemia, VAD, iodine deficiency, overnutrition), nutritional assessment, and government nutrition programmes.

NPOP, PGS-India, USDA NOP, EU organic standards, certification process, conversion period, and labelling requirements.

Definition, components, raster vs vector data, spatial analysis operations, GIS software, and agricultural applications.

Diseases of Banana.

Principles and practices of seed production in self-pollinated crops including rice, wheat, pulses, and oilseeds — isolation, rouging, and harvest management.

Framework for assessing climate vulnerability in agriculture: exposure, sensitivity, adaptive capacity, risk mapping, and district-level profiling methods.

Classification, production, and formulation of microbial biopesticides including Bt, NPV, entomopathogenic fungi, and Trichoderma.

Hydrological cycle, groundwater, water quality parameters, watershed management, rainwater harvesting, and waterlogging solutions for ELEC 13.

Writing for Print Media — news writing using 5W1H, feature articles, editorials, press releases, and agricultural journalism for newspapers and magazines.

Weather-Based Crop Simulation — meteorological data integration, growing degree days, water balance modeling, and weather-yield relationships.

Weed Classification and Identification — grasses, broadleaves, sedges, and parasitic weeds with key identification features.

Drip and Fertigation Systems.

Techniques — Meristem Callus Somatic Embryogenesis.

Climate Control and Environmental Management.

Fungal Biopesticides — Trichoderma species, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, modes of action, and field applications.

Chemical Hazards in Food.

Trees Shrubs and Climbers for Landscaping.

Course overview and lesson index for ELEC 03, focused on commercial breeding, seed systems, variety protection, and the business side of crop improvement.

Hybrid Seed Production Technology — principles, male sterility systems, isolation requirements, and commercial hybrid seed production.

Fungicides and Bactericides — classification, mode of action, systemic and contact fungicides, and usage in crop protection.

Strategic Management in Agribusiness — planning, formulation, implementation, and evaluation of business strategies.

Structure of Disaccharides.

Lecture notes covering Entrepreneurship Development and Business Communication as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AEXT 393 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Lecture notes covering Renewable Energy and Green Technology as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AENG 352 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Lecture notes covering Agricultural Marketing, Trade and Prices as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AECO 242 | Credits: 3(2+1).

Lecture notes covering Elementary Mathematics as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: RMED 103 | Credits: 2(2+0).

Ratio, Proportion, and Percentage.

Stages of micropropagation, commercial applications in India, cryopreservation, and somatic hybridization through protoplast fusion including cybrids and applications.

Entomology study material for BSc Agriculture students, covering insect structure, ecology, pest management, and beneficial insects.

BSc Agriculture scope includes government jobs (IBPS AFO, NABARD, FCI), private agribusiness, ICAR research, AgriTech startups, and international organizations. Complete scope analysis with sector-wise opportunities and future trends.

Lecture notes covering Intellectual Property Rights as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: STAM 104 | Credits: 1(1+0).

Copyright and Trademark.

Conic sections.

Lec 04.

Computer Viruses, Worms &.

Lecture notes covering Problematic Soils and their Management as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: SSAC 223 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Sodic soils — characteristics, deflocculation, and poor physical properties.

Classification of fertilizers.

Explains physical, chemical, and biological weathering processes that initiate soil formation.

Soil as a source.

Plant Anatomy.

Traditional Farming Systems.

Biological Control of Plant Diseases.

Absorption of Water.

Lecture notes covering Diseases of Field & Horticultural Crops & their Management-II as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: PATH 373 | Credits: 3(2+1).

Diseases of Grape — Downy Mildew, Powdery Mildew, Anthracnose.

Diseases of Wheat — Rusts.

Anatomy: Inner Body Tube.

Nomenclature binomial.

Definition of breed.

Factors affecting ripening.

Lecture notes covering Production Technology for Ornamental Crops, MAPs and Landscaping as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: HORT 284 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Gladiolus, Tuberose, and Lily — Production Technology.

Cardamom.

Tomato.

Adaptation, varietal diversity, and production fundamentals of mango.

Nursery types, site selection, infrastructure, and propagation basics for healthy planting material.

Classification of Agroforestry.

Totipotency & Morphogenesis.

Breeding objectives and methods in chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Desi vs kabuli types, wilt resistance, machine harvestability, and quality improvement.

Study maize origin, floral biology, and why it became the classical crop for heterosis breeding.

WHEAT.

Modes of Pollination.

Deterioration of Crop Varieties.

Multiple Alleles.

Vitamins and minerals — classification, deficiency diseases, RDA, and food sources.

Bee Products — Honey, Beeswax, Royal Jelly, Propolis.

Role of honey bees in.

Structure-Insect Cuticle.

Verbal Ability.

Ecosystems: Definition, Con.

Cold chain concept and components; pre-cooling methods; cold storage types; controlled atmosphere and modified atmosphere storage principles and applications.

Digestive enzymes, absorption mechanisms, and metabolic pathways for carbohydrates, proteins, and fats including glycolysis, TCA cycle, beta-oxidation, and hormonal control.

FYM, compost methods (Berkely, Indore, NADEP), vermicompost, green manuring, biofertilizers, liquid manures, and nutrient management planning in organic systems.

GPS principles, trilateration, GNSS systems (NavIC, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou), DGPS, RTK, and agricultural applications.

Diseases of Grapes.

Principles and practices for seed production in cross-pollinated crops including maize, bajra, sunflower, and sorghum — isolation, roguing, and detasseling.

FAO's Climate Smart Agriculture framework: triple-win objectives, CSA practices, India's initiatives, NDCs, and linkages with SDGs.

Quality parameters, BIS standards, shelf-life enhancement, and registration procedures for biofertilizers and biopesticides in India.

Types of Indian forests, Champion & Seth classification, National Forest Policy 1988, social forestry, JFM, and afforestation programmes for ELEC 13.

Radio and Television in agricultural journalism — farm radio programs, DD Kisan channel, script writing, community radio, and broadcast techniques.

Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum — water uptake models, nutrient dynamics, evapotranspiration modeling, and SPAC concept in crop simulation.

Cultural and Mechanical Weed Management — crop rotation, stale seedbed technique, hand weeding, and tillage-based weed control methods.

Canopy Management and High-Density Planting.

BSc Agriculture notes on the five micropropagation stages: mother plant selection, culture initiation, multiplication, rooting, hardening, protocol checks, and common problems.

Growing Media and Soilless Culture.

Viral Biopesticides — Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV), Granulosis Virus (GV), production methods, and field application.

HACCP Principles and Implementation.

Course overview and lesson index for ELEC 04, focused on landscape planning, ornamental gardening, and the practical business side of landscaping.

Lawn Development and Maintenance.

Quality Seed Production — field standards, isolation, roguing, and seed production techniques for rice, wheat, maize, cotton, and vegetables.

Herbicides — classification based on timing, selectivity, mode of action, and HRAC grouping for weed management.

Supply Chain Management in agriculture — components, models, cold chain, and FPO-based supply chains.

Muta rotation, optical activity.

Lecture notes covering Communication Skills and Personality Development as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AEXT 194 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Lecture notes covering Protected Cultivation and Secondary Agriculture as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AENG 252 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Lecture notes covering Farm Management, Production and Resource Economics as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AECO 342 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Mensuration.

Types of molecular markers — RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, SSR, ISSR, SNP, DArT — principles, comparison, and applications in diversity analysis, genetic mapping, fingerprinting, and crop breeding.

Core BSc Agriculture Plant Pathology courses covering plant pathogens, nematodes, crop diseases, and practical disease management.

Geographical Indications.

Differential Calculus(1).

Lec 05.

Operating System — Some.

Reclamation of sodic soils — gypsum requirement, amendments, and phytoremediation.

Learn the major nitrogenous fertilizers and the industrial processes used to convert atmospheric nitrogen into fertilizer nitrogen.

Covers CLORPT soil-formation factors and their influence on soil properties and distribution.

Forms of nutrients.

Plant Morphology.

Indigenous Knowledge in Agriculture.

Lecture notes covering Principles of Integrated Pest and Disease Management as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: PATH 374 | Credits: 3(2+1).

Fungicides — Classification and Mode of Action.

Translocation of Solutes.

Diseases of Pomegranate and Guava.

Complete guide to bunt disease of wheat: common bunt (Tilletia caries), Karnal bunt (T. indica), loose smut, flag smut, and powdery mildew — causal organisms, symptoms, disease cycle, and management.

Anatomy: Oesophageal glands.

Division I Myxomycota.

Breeding- importance.

Lecture notes covering Post-harvest Management and Value Addition of Fruits and Vegetables as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: HORT 381 | Credits: 2(1+1).

How pre-harvest environment, nutrition, water, and crop management influence post-harvest behavior.

Orchids and Anthurium — Commercial Production.

Coriander.

Brinjal.

Mango- Major Problems.

Vegetative Propagation — Cutting, Layering, Grafting, Budding.

Agrisilvicultural Systems.

Nutritional requirements.

Genetics and breeding of lentil (Lens culinaris). Rust resistance, early maturity, bold seeded types, and breeding methods for improved varieties.

Lecture notes covering Crop Improvement-I (Kharif) as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: GPBR 213 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Development of QPM, baby corn, sweet corn hybrids, and the single, double, and three-way cross systems used in maize improvement.

MAIZE.

Classification of plants.

Seed Quality.

Multiple Factor Hypothesis.

Water activity concept, microbial growth, and the basis of food preservation.

Pollination Biology and Crop Pollination.

Bee Products.

Body Segmentation-Structure.

Comprehension.

Producers, Consumers and.

In-depth coverage of CA and MA storage: physiological basis, equipment, DCA, edible coatings, MAP films, and India's apple CA infrastructure.

Effects of cooking, milling, fermentation, germination, and processing on nutrients; antinutrients and their reduction; blanching and other unit operations.

Organic IPM pyramid, botanical pesticides, biocontrol agents, copper-sulphur fungicides, and mechanical/mulching/cover crop weed management strategies.

Electromagnetic spectrum, atmospheric interactions, sensor types, spatial/spectral/temporal resolution, and key agricultural satellites.

Diseases of Pomegranate.

CMS 3-line system, EGMS, genetic male sterility, hybrid seed production in rice, maize, cotton, and sunflower — the basis of commercial hybrid seed industry.

ICAR-released stress-tolerant varieties for drought, submergence, heat, and salinity, plus crop management strategies for climate resilience.

Fundamentals of nanotechnology, classification of nanomaterials, synthesis methods, and agricultural applications including IFFCO Nano Urea.

Levels of biodiversity, India's mega-diversity, hotspots, HIPPO threats, in-situ and ex-situ conservation, Protected Area network, and CBD for ELEC 13.

Digital Media and Social Media for agricultural journalism — blogs, YouTube, Instagram, WhatsApp groups, and digital content strategies for reaching farmers.

Yield Gap Analysis — potential vs actual yield, constraint analysis, model-based diagnosis, and strategies for closing yield gaps.

Chemical Weed Control — Herbicide Classification covering pre/post-emergence timing, contact vs systemic action, and selectivity principles.

Protected Cultivation for Vegetables and Flowers.

Hardening and Acclimatization.

Hydroponics and Aeroponics.

Botanical Pesticides — Neem (azadirachtin), Pyrethrum, Rotenone, essential oils, and their role in sustainable crop protection.

Course overview and lesson index for ELEC 05, focused on food hazards, preventive systems, legal standards, and food-safety management.

Good Manufacturing Practices and GHP.

Indoor Gardening and Terrace Gardening.

Seed Processing and Storage — cleaning, grading, drying, treatment, packaging, and storage conditions for maintaining seed viability.

Biopesticides and Botanicals — types, mechanisms, neem-based products, Bt, Trichoderma, and their role in sustainable pest management.

Agri Marketing and Commodity Markets — marketing channels, APMC, eNAM, commodity exchanges, and price discovery.

Chemical Properties.

Lecture notes covering Introductory Agrometeorology and Climate Change as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AGRO 105 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Trigonometry Basics.

MAS types — foreground, background, MABB, pyramiding, genomic selection — QTL mapping methods, association mapping (GWAS), fine mapping, and success stories in Indian crop breeding.

Core BSc Agriculture study section covering genetics, seed technology, plant breeding, crop improvement, and plant biotechnology.

Career options after BSc Agriculture include IBPS AFO, NABARD Grade A, FCI AGT, ICAR Scientist, State Agriculture Officer, AgriTech, agribusiness, MSc Agriculture, and MBA. Complete career guide with roles, salaries, and eligibility.

Trade Secrets.

Differential Calculus(2).

Lec 06.

WINDOWS: GUI, Desktop &.

Saline-sodic soils — properties and combined management approach.

Manufacturing of.

Introduces soil horizons, profile development, and diagnostic features for field interpretation.

Understand how nutrients move from soil to the root surface and how roots absorb them for plant growth.

Reproduction in Plants.

Agricultural Revolution in India.

Fungicide Application Methods and Resistance Management.

Transpiration.

Diseases of Papaya and Other Tropical Fruits.

Diseases of Maize.

Male Reproductive System.

Division II Eumycota.

Housing management-farm.

Primary and secondary causes of post-harvest losses in fruits and vegetables.

Jasmine and Crossandra — Production Technology.

Cumin.

Bhendi.

Banana — Soil, Climate.

Orchard Planning and Layout Systems.

Some Sub Systems.

Techniques of in vitro.

Lecture notes covering Crop Improvement-II (Rabi) as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: GPBR 214 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Breeding for yield and disease resistance in field pea (Pisum sativum). Powdery mildew resistance, semi-leafless types, and modern breeding approaches.

Breeding objectives for grain and fodder sorghum with emphasis on the CMS system and dual-purpose cultivar development.

SORGHUM.

Botanical description and.

Classes of Seed.

Quantitative Traits.

Thermal processing of foods — blanching, pasteurization, sterilization, and UHT.

Silkworm Biology and Life Cycle.

Effect of agricultural inputs.

Metamorphosis And Diapa.

Comprehension.

Bio-diversity: Definition, Clas.

Drying methods (sun, hot air, spray, freeze), canning, freezing, pickling, fermentation, and juice processing — principles, processes, and quality parameters.

Categories of food additives (preservatives, antioxidants, colours, emulsifiers, sweeteners), food preservation principles (heat, cold, drying, MAP, irradiation), water activity, and hurdle technology.

FAO definition, three pillars of CA, history, global and India adoption, benefits, challenges, and comparison of tillage systems.

Image preprocessing, visual interpretation, supervised and unsupervised classification, accuracy assessment, and vegetation indices including NDVI, SAVI, and EVI.

Learn the major diseases listed for guava and related fruit crops in this lesson, with emphasis on symptom recognition and management logic.

Unit operations in seed processing, ISTA quality testing procedures, germination, vigour, purity, moisture, and seed health testing methods.

SRI, AWD, deficit irrigation, rainwater harvesting, soil organic carbon, biochar, conservation tillage, and INM for climate-resilient agriculture.

Types, mechanisms, and agronomic performance of nanofertilizers including IFFCO nano-urea, nano-DAP, nano-zinc, and slow-release systems.

CPR definition, rural importance, Ostrom's theory, JFM, and key environmental laws (EPA 1986, FCA 1980, WPA 1972, BDA 2002, NGT 2010) for ELEC 13.

Agricultural Photography — field photography techniques, documentation of farming practices, visual storytelling, and ethical considerations.

Learn how agro-advisory services work in India and why weather-based advisories are important for crop decision-making.

Herbicide Selectivity and Mode of Action — ALS inhibitors, ACCase inhibitors, PSII inhibitors, EPSPS inhibitors, and auxin mimics.

Post-Harvest Technology and Cold Chain.

Applications — Virus-Free Plants and Clonal Propagation.

Crop Production Under Protected Conditions.

Course overview and lesson index for ELEC 06, focused on biological crop-protection inputs, biological nutrient inputs, and their production and marketing.

Introduction to Biofertilizers — definition, types, classification, and importance in sustainable agriculture.

Learn the purpose, structure, and practical importance of the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 in India.

Rock Garden Water Garden and Japanese Garden.

Seed Certification and Testing — certification process, field and seed standards, seed testing procedures, and ISTA rules.

Pesticide Formulations and Application — types of formulations, application equipment, dosage calculation, and safe handling practices.

Risk Management in Agriculture — types of agricultural risks, crop insurance, hedging, and risk mitigation strategies.

Lipids.

Lecture notes covering Crop Production Technology-I (Kharif Crops) as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AGRO 301 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Learn the Cartesian coordinate system, distance, slope, and line equations with agricultural applications.

Structural and functional genomics — crop genome sequencing, NGS technologies, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, reverse genetics (RNAi, TILLING), bioinformatics tools, and comparative genomics.

Agricultural Engineering study material for BSc Agriculture students, covering machinery, water, structures, post-harvest systems, and renewable energy.

Complete competitive exam ecosystem for BSc Agriculture graduates — academic entrance (CUET, ICAR AIEEA), banking (IBPS AFO, NABARD), central govt (FCI, SSC), state services (ADO, AO), research (ASRB NET, ARS), commodity boards, agribusiness MBA, and private sector pathways.

Understand how patents, biodiversity rules, and benefit-sharing issues intersect with agricultural biotechnology.

Differential Equations.

Lec 07.

MSWORD: Word-processing.

Acid soils — characteristics, aluminum and manganese toxicity, and distribution in India.

Manufacturing of urea.

Explains soil texture and core physical properties that control water, air, and root behavior.

Nitrogen—Transformation.

Photosynthesis.

Understand the major institutions that support agricultural research, education, extension, and national agricultural development in India.

Host Plant Resistance — Concepts and Types.

Mineral Nutrition.

Diseases of Apple — Scab, Fire Blight, Canker.

Diseases of Sorghum and Pearl Millet.

Biology of Plant Parasitic.

Subdivision Zygomycotina.

Systems of housing.

Ripening Chemicals.

Loose Flowers — Production and Marketing.

Fenugreek.

Cucurbitaceous Vegetables.

Banana — Major Production.

Training and Pruning of Fruit Crops.

Silvipasture System.

Micro propagation.

Breeding objectives in rapeseed-mustard (Brassica juncea/napus). Oil content improvement, erucic acid reduction, yellow seeded types, and hybrid development.

CMS-based hybrid development, nutritional improvement, and biofortification strategies in pearl millet.

FINGER MILLET.

Maize - Zea mays (2n.

Seed Production in Maize.

Cytoplasmic Inheritance.

Dehydration and concentration methods — sun drying, mechanical drying, freeze-drying, and osmotic dehydration.

Sericulture — Mulberry Cultivation and Rearing.

Role of pollinators weed.

Types Of Larvae And Pupae.

Homonyms.

Learn the meaning of pollution, types of pollutants, major air pollutants, their effects, and common control strategies.

Value addition concepts; fruit and vegetable products; cereal, pulse, and dairy value addition; agricultural waste utilization; nutraceuticals and functional foods.

Types of food spoilage (microbial, chemical, physical), key spoilage organisms, foodborne diseases, mycotoxins (aflatoxin, ochratoxin), HACCP principles, and indicator organisms.

Zero-till equipment (Happy Seeder, ZTFSD, strip-till), stubble burning problem, alternatives to burning, government schemes, and mulching in conservation agriculture.

Crop area estimation, soil mapping, drought and flood monitoring, disease detection, precision soil sampling, FASAL programme, and PMFBY remote sensing applications.

Disease of Apple.

Seed longevity, Harrington's rules, storage structures including hermetic storage, seed packaging materials, labelling requirements under Seed Act.

NICRA, NAPCC, NMSA, PMFBY, PM-KUSUM, watershed development, India's NDCs, and state climate action plans for agriculture adaptation.

Nanoencapsulation techniques, targeted delivery systems, and case studies in nano-enabled pesticide formulations.

EIA definition, India's EIA Notification 2006, screening, scoping, baseline study, impact prediction, EMP, public hearing, Leopold matrix for ELEC 13.

Science Communication — translating agricultural research into farmer-friendly language, popular science writing techniques, and effective science journalism.

Decision Support Systems — Nutrient Expert, STCR-based recommendations, pest forecasting systems, and DSS architecture for agriculture.

Herbicide Resistance — mechanisms of resistance, resistant weed populations worldwide and in India, and management strategies.

Organic Horticulture.

Somaclonal Variation and Genetic Fidelity.

Course overview and lesson index for ELEC 07, focused on controlled-environment production, structure management, crop performance, and enterprise economics.

Pest and Disease Management in Protected Cultivation.

Nitrogen-Fixing Biofertilizers — Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Blue-Green Algae, and Azolla in agricultural systems.

Food Labeling and Packaging Regulations.

Landscape for Institutions and Public Spaces.

Private Sector in Plant Breeding — role of seed companies, R&D investment, molecular breeding, and public-private partnerships.

Learn what pesticide residues are, how they are regulated, what affects residue levels, and how safe use practices protect food and human health.

Agri-Food Processing Industry — sectors, technologies, government schemes, and business opportunities in food processing.

Study major, minor, unusual, and essential fatty acids along with simple and compound lipids.

Lecture notes covering Crop Production Technology-II (Rabi Crops) as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AGRO 302 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Matrices and Determinants.

Methods of genetic transformation — Agrobacterium, biolistic, floral dip — selection and confirmation, transgenic crops globally and in India, regulatory framework, and biosafety concerns.

Top 10 & top 20 agricultural universities in India ranked by NIRF 2025. Detailed profiles: location, BSc Agriculture programs, fees, admission process, research strengths, and how to choose the best agricultural college for you.

Broad career map after BSc Agriculture, organized by priority, exam type, sector, and long-term direction.

International Agreements.

Equation of a circle.

Lec 08.

MSEXCEL: Electronic.

Lime requirement and acid soil management — liming materials, methods, and acid-tolerant crops.

Slow release N fertilizers.

Describes soil structure types, grades, and their effect on tilth, aeration, and root growth.

Phosphorus.

Respiration.

Agriculture in Indian Culture.

The gene-for-gene hypothesis was proposed by Harold Henry Flor in 1956. Learn how R-genes and Avr genes interact, the guard hypothesis, and implications for IPDM.

Mechanism of Uptake-.

Diseases of Tomato — Early Blight, Late Blight, Wilt.

Diseases of Chickpea and Pigeonpea.

Taxonomy of Plant Parasitic.

Subdivision Ascomycotina.

Learn the immediate care, colostrum feeding, housing, hygiene, and heifer management practices required for healthy calf rearing.

Methods of Storage.

Landscaping — Principles and Design Elements.

Lemongrass.

Ridge Gourd.

Citrus.

Irrigation and Nutrient Management in Horticulture.

Learn agrisilvopastoral systems, home gardens, woody hedgerows, and related integrated land-use models.

Anther and microspore.

Heterosis breeding and quality improvement in sunflower (Helianthus annuus). CMS-based hybrids, high oleic acid breeding, and disease resistance.

Genetics of male sterility, CGMS-based hybrid development, and disease resistance breeding in pigeonpea.

PEARL MILLET.

Small Millets.

Hybrid Seed Production in.

Methods of inducing.

Low temperature preservation — refrigeration, freezing, IQF, and cold chain management.

Silk Reeling and Post-Cocoon Technology.

Insect ecology and.

Structure-Digestive System.

Homophones.

Global Warming and Climate.

Packaging types and materials; active and intelligent packaging; pack houses; cold storage and transport infrastructure; food processing parks and government schemes.

FSSAI, AGMARK, BIS, Codex Alimentarius, food labelling regulations, food adulteration, FSS Act 2006, and quality attributes in food safety and trade.

Zero Budget Natural Farming four pillars (Beejamrit, Jeevamrit, Mulching, Waaphasa), Andhra Pradesh scaling, Fukuoka method, biodynamic farming, permaculture, and comparison of natural farming systems.

Site-specific crop management, precision farming cycle, soil sampling strategies, VRT, yield monitoring, sensors, FMIS, and economics of precision agriculture.

Diseases of Chilli.

Seed distribution systems, pricing logic, enterprise setup, support schemes, and business opportunities in the seed sector.

Agriculture as both a greenhouse-gas source and a mitigation pathway through soil carbon, methane reduction, nutrient efficiency, and carbon-market approaches.

Biosafety principles, safety testing, and Indian and international regulation of bioformulations and nano-agricultural products.

Learn how sustainable development, policy frameworks, and governance approaches shape natural-resource management.

Learn the meaning, types, design logic, and communication value of extension literature in agricultural information systems.

Climate Change Impact Assessment — RCP/SSP scenarios, crop model projections, adaptation planning, and mitigation strategies for Indian agriculture.

Learn how cultural, mechanical, chemical, biological, and preventive methods are combined in an integrated weed-management system.

Learn how horticultural production becomes export-oriented through quality, traceability, infrastructure, and market compliance.

Course overview and lesson index for ELEC 08, focused on plant tissue culture, micropropagation methods, acclimatization, and industry applications.

Learn how micropropagation becomes a commercial enterprise through laboratory scale-up, quality control, marketing, and economic planning.

Learn how investment, operating cost, crop choice, and marketing strategy determine the success of protected cultivation.

Phosphorus Biofertilizers — Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB), VAM/AM fungi, mechanisms, and agricultural applications.

Global Food Safety Standards.

Learn why maintenance is essential in landscaping and how ornamental horticulture creates practical business opportunities.

Learn how intellectual-property systems protect plant-breeding innovation while balancing breeder, farmer, and researcher interests.

Integrated Use of Agrochemicals — combining pesticides, fertilizers, and bioagents in IPM and INM for sustainable crop production.

Learn the role of export-import trade in agribusiness, major commodities, institutions, procedures, and policy considerations.

Lecture notes covering Farming System and Sustainable Agriculture as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AGRO 106 | Credits: 1(1+0).

Learn the ideas of limits, differentiation, and integration as tools for studying change and accumulation.

ZFN, TALENs, and CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing — mechanism, advanced tools (base editors, prime editing), applications in crop improvement, and regulatory status globally and in India.

Agricultural Economics study material for BSc Agriculture students, covering economics, finance, marketing, agribusiness, and farm management.

Increasing & Decreasing.

Understand null and alternative hypotheses, standard error, critical region, decision errors, and the logic of statistical significance testing.

Use of in-built functions.

Waterlogged soils — causes, impacts, and surface and subsurface drainage.

Controlled release.

Covers aggregate formation, stability, and their role in soil porosity and physical behavior.

Potassium.

Plant Hormones.

Epidemiology of Plant Diseases.

Foliar diagnosis.

Diseases of Potato — Late Blight, Wart, Viruses.

Diseases of Other Pulses.

Ecological classification.

Subdivition Basidiomycotina.

Care & mgt- pregnant.

Packaging functions, packaging materials, and modern methods for shelf-life extension of produce.

Garden Types and Styles — Formal, Informal, Japanese, Mughal.

Citronella.

Ash Gourd.

Citrus — Nutrient Deficiencies.

Weed Management in Horticultural Crops.

Agroforestry Diagnosis.

Ovule Culture.

Breeding of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) and linseed (Linum usitatissimum). Oil quality improvement, thornless safflower, and dual-purpose linseed.

Breeding strategies for short duration, MYMV resistance, and photo-insensitivity in greengram and blackgram.

VARGU (Kodo millet).

Pulses.

Seed Production Techni.

Mutations.

Fermentation technology — lactic acid, alcohol, acetic acid fermentation, and traditional fermented foods.

Lac Insect Biology and Lac Culture.

Population dynamics and.

Structure-Circulatory System.

Vocabulary and Reading.

Causes, Effects.

Food processing enterprise logic, regulatory requirements, government support schemes, value-chain finance, and post-harvest business opportunities.

Food hazards, preventive food safety systems, and the role of fortification in public nutrition.

Transition economics, organic market structure, certification costs, government schemes, and policy support for organic and conservation-oriented farming.

Agricultural drones, IoT sensor systems, AI-enabled analytics, digital farms, and future directions in geoinformatics and precision agriculture.

Diseases of Brinjal.

Course overview and lesson index for ELEC 09, focused on technology-intensive horticulture from nursery to market.

Mass Production and Quality Control of biofertilizers and biopesticides — fermentation, carrier-based formulations, BIS standards, and shelf life.

Lecture notes covering Practical Crop Production-I (Kharif Crops) as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AGRO 202 | Credits: 2(0+2).

Indian GM-crop regulation, genome-editing policy, major bioinformatics tools, and intellectual property systems relevant to crop biotechnology.

Agricultural Extension study material for BSc Agriculture students, covering communication, rural development, extension methods, and entrepreneurship.

Integration.

Lec 10.

Data Analysis Tools-.

Calcareous soils — CaCO3 effects on nutrient availability and micronutrient deficiency management.

P fertilizers.

Explains compaction, colour interpretation, density, and porosity for practical soil evaluation.

Secondary nutrients —.

Learn what ecology studies, how ecosystems are organized, and why ecological principles are important in agriculture.

Disease Forecasting Models.

Photosynthesis.

Diseases of Cruciferous Vegetables.

Diseases of Groundnut.

Learn how economically important plant-parasitic nematodes are identified using habitat, parasitism type, symptoms, and key morphology.

Subdivition Deuteromycotina.

Milk-Definition — clean.

Packaging Technology.

Lawn Making and Maintenance.

Palmarosa Grass.

Bottle Gourd.

Grapes — Soil, Climate.

Growth Regulators in Horticulture.

Agroforestry Systems.

Ovary and embryo culture.

Genetics and breeding methods of potato (Solanum tuberosum). Tetraploidy, true potato seed, late blight resistance, and breeding for processing quality.

Breeding strategies for improving oil content, protein, disease resistance, and reducing anti-nutritional factors in soybean.

PULSES.

Oil Seeds.

Hybrid Seed Production in.

Regulation of Gene.

Food additives and preservatives — GRAS, permitted preservatives, antioxidants, colors, and flavors.

Lac Processing and Value Addition.

Abiotic factors on.

Structure-Excretory System.

Reading Comprehension.

Causes, Effects and Control.

Diseases of Bhendi.

Course overview and lesson index for ELEC 10, focused on weed science, herbicide use, and integrated weed-management strategies.

Learn how biopesticides and biofertilizers move from production unit to farm, including infrastructure, quality, distribution, and marketing challenges.

Physical constants.

Lecture notes covering Practical Crop Production-II (Rabi Crops) as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AGRO 203 | Credits: 2(0+2).

Agri Resource Management study material for BSc Agriculture students, with entrepreneurship and enterprise-oriented course support.

Understand when a matrix has an inverse, how to find it by the adjoint method, and how inverse matrices help solve simultaneous equations.

Lec 11.

t-test for two samples.

Contaminated and polluted soils — heavy metals, pesticide residues, and industrial effluents.

Single and triple.

Covers field capacity, wilting point, and plant-available water for irrigation and crop planning.

Micro nutrients —.

Molecular Approaches to Disease Management.

Photosynthetic Pathways.

Diseases of Cucurbits.

Diseases of Soybean and Sunflower.

Symptoms Caused by.

Prokaryotes classification.

Processing of milk-Cooling.

Why value addition matters in reducing waste, extending shelf life, and improving income from horticultural produce.

Introduction to Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAP).

Vetiver.

Bitter Gourd.

Grapes — Nutrient Disorders.

Harvesting, Grading, and Packaging of Horticultural Produce.

Role Of Trees.

Test tube fertilization.

Breeding of tomato, onion, and cauliflower. Hybrid varieties, male sterility systems, disease resistance, and quality improvement in vegetable crops.

Breeding strategies for groundnut including botanical and runner types, confectionery quality, oil content, and aflatoxin resistance.

BLACK GRAM.

Cotton.

Seed Production in Sorghum.

Understand inducible gene regulation through the lac operon and the molecular concept of gene structure.

Food quality and safety standards — FSSAI, Codex Alimentarius, ISO 22000, and HACCP.

Predators and Parasitoids as Biocontrol Agents.

Pest.

Structure-Respiratory System.

Functional Grammar.

Causes, Effects and Control.

Diseases of Potato.

Course overview and lesson index for ELEC 11, focused on crop-system modeling, simulation-based decision support, and weather-linked agro-advisory services.

Amino Acids and Proteins.

Lecture notes covering Principles of Organic Farming as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AGRO 107 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Agricultural Microbiology study material for BSc Agriculture students, covering soil microbes, nutrient transformations, biofertilizers, and biological crop support systems.

Matrix & Determinants.

Lec 12.

Creating Graphs.

Bioremediation and phytoremediation — microbial cleanup, hyperaccumulator plants, and biochar.

Potassic fertilizers.

Explains saturated and unsaturated water flow, infiltration, and hydraulic conductivity in soils.

NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY.

Integrated Management of Soil-Borne Diseases.

Respiration.

Diseases of Onion and Garlic.

Diseases of Cotton.

Interaction of Nematodes.

Plant viruses general.

Nutrition-Definition-Ration.

Principles of preservation.

Important Medicinal Plants — Aloe Vera, Ashwagandha, Tulsi, Senna.

Geranium.

Cole crops — cabbage.

Papaya — Soil, Climate.

Protected Cultivation — Greenhouses, Polyhouses, Shade Nets.

Community Forestry.

Endosperm culture.

Ornamental breeding of rose, chrysanthemum, and gladiolus. Breeding for colour, fragrance, vase life, and disease resistance in flower crops.

Allopolyploidy in cotton, fibre quality traits, hybrid cotton, and the role of Bt technology in pest management.

COWPEA.

Emasculation and Pollination.

Hybrid Seed Production in.

Ultra Structure of Cell.

Food fortification and nutraceuticals — biofortification, functional foods, and FSSAI fortification standards.

Conservation of Beneficial Insects.

Pest monitoring.

Structure-Nervous Systems.

Functional Grammar.

Causes, Effects and Manag.

Diseases of Cucurbits.

Course overview and lesson index for ELEC 12, focused on communicating agricultural knowledge through print, broadcast, digital media, and extension materials.

Proteins.

Lecture notes covering Geoinformatics, Nano-technology and Precision Farming as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AGRO 308 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Biochemistry study material for BSc Agriculture students, covering biomolecules, metabolism, plant biochemistry, and molecular agricultural foundations.

Maxima & Minima of several.

Learn the meaning of regression, fitting a simple linear regression equation, and testing the significance of the regression coefficient.

Understand the concept of a database, the main components of a DBMS, and how MS Access is used to create and manage simple databases.

Understand the role of secondary and micronutrient fertilizers, with emphasis on zinc sulphate and ferrous sulphate as important commercial sources.

Covers soil temperature behavior, heat flow, and thermal constants relevant to crop growth.

SOIL FERTILITY.

Integrated Management of Foliar Diseases.

Krebs— Cycle / Citric Acid.

Diseases of Spice and Plantation Crops.

Diseases of Sugarcane.

Different methods.

Viroids general chara.

Requirement and importance.

Site selection, layout planning, utilities, sanitation, and hygiene requirements for fruit and vegetable processing units.

Important Aromatic Plants — Lemongrass, Citronella, Palmarosa, Mentha.

Davana.

Cole crops — cauliflower.

Sapota — Soil, Climate.

Wasteland Development.

Factors influencing.

Complex polyploidy, nobilization, and breeding for high commercial cane sugar in sugarcane.

OILSEEDS.

Maize.

Seed Production in Pearl Millet.

Study of chromosome.

Pest management.

Reproductive System.

Understand the principles, layout, tone, and common uses of business letters and formal written communication.

Understand disaster types, the disaster management cycle, and major natural hazards with special focus on floods.

Diseases of Crucifers.

Course overview and lesson index for ELEC 13, focused on natural-resource classification, conservation, governance, and sustainable development.

Lec 13 & 14-Conformation of Proteins.

Lecture notes covering Rainfed Agriculture and Watershed Management as per ICAR 5th Dean Committee syllabus. Course Code: AGRO 309 | Credits: 2(1+1).

Practical BSc Agriculture subject gateway covering plant physiology concepts, course links, study direction, and key themes for crop performance and productivity.

Models.

Lec 14.

Principles of Programming.

Complex fertilizers.

Introduces soil colloids, surface charge behavior, and nutrient-holding mechanisms.

PREDICTING YIELDS.

Integrated Management of Viral Diseases.

Protein and Fat Synthesis.

Diseases of Ornamental Crops.

Diseases of Tobacco and Jute.

Biological Control.

Definition and objective.

Diseases-classification-viral.

Preservation through canning.

Processing and Value Addition of MAP.

Coconut.

Cole crops — knol-khol.

Guava — Soil, Climate.

Study the silvicultural management of teak, eucalyptus, and tamarind with emphasis on nursery, planting, and utilization.

Major applications of plant tissue culture in propagation, conservation, sanitation, and crop improvement.

Breeding of Corchorus species for fibre quality and retted fibre yield along with improvement of other kharif fibre crops.

GINGELLY (TIL, ELLU).

Red gram.

Seed Production in Cotton.

Mitosis and Meiosis.

Traditional methods of.

Understand insect reproductive physiology and the major reproductive types such as oviparity, viviparity, parthenogenesis, polyembryony, and paedogenesis.

The Style.

Social Issues and the Environ.

Diseases of Tomato.

Core BSc Agriculture modules covering data analysis, agri-informatics, applied mathematics, and intellectual property rights for academic and competitive-exam preparation.

Partial Differentiation.

Lec 15.

Internet.

Mixed fertilizers.

Explains 1:1 and 2:1 clay mineral structures and their implications for swelling and fertility.

FERTILITY EVALUATION.