Elec14

Definition, background, need, types, advantages, and limits of bioformulations in sustainable agriculture.

Carrier-based, liquid, and granular biofertilizer formulations — production methods, quality standards, and inoculation techniques.

Classification, production, and formulation of microbial biopesticides including Bt, NPV, entomopathogenic fungi, and Trichoderma.

Quality parameters, BIS standards, shelf-life enhancement, and registration procedures for biofertilizers and biopesticides in India.

Fundamentals of nanotechnology, classification of nanomaterials, synthesis methods, and agricultural applications including IFFCO Nano Urea.

Types, mechanisms, and agronomic performance of nanofertilizers including IFFCO nano-urea, nano-DAP, nano-zinc, and slow-release systems.

Nanoencapsulation techniques, targeted delivery systems, and case studies in nano-enabled pesticide formulations.

Biosafety principles, safety testing, and Indian and international regulation of bioformulations and nano-agricultural products.