Genetics And Plant Breeding

Cell structure and organelles, cell division (mitosis, meiosis), DNA replication, transcription, translation, gene regulation, chromosomal aberrations, chromosome numbers in major crop plants.

Mendel's laws, linkage and crossing over, sex-linked inheritance, quantitative genetics, multiple alleles, epistasis, cytoplasmic inheritance, inbreeding depression — critical for exams.

Carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, enzymes, vitamins, nucleic acids, and lipids for competitive exams.

Genetics and plant breeding for exams — Mendel's laws, quantitative genetics, hybridization methods, mutation and polyploidy breeding, biotechnology (Bt crops, molecular markers), cell biology, seed certification and biochemistry fundamentals.

Genetic engineering, recombinant DNA technology, tissue culture, transgenic crops (Bt cotton, Golden Rice), molecular markers (SSR, SNP), bioinformatics, biosafety regulations — for exams.

Mass selection, pure line selection, hybridization, heterosis breeding, backcross method, polyploidy breeding, mutation breeding, variety release and registration — critical for exams Professional Knowledge.

Seed production classes (breeder, foundation, certified), seed certification, quality testing (germination, vigour, purity), seed dormancy, seed storage, Seeds Act and national seed policy.