Ssac223

Introduction to problematic soils — types, extent in India, and impact on agricultural productivity.

Saline soils — characteristics, genesis, and distribution in India.

Management of saline soils — leaching, drainage, salt-tolerant crops, and bio-drainage.

Sodic soils — characteristics, deflocculation, and poor physical properties.

Reclamation of sodic soils — gypsum requirement, amendments, and phytoremediation.

Saline-sodic soils — properties and combined management approach.

Acid soils — characteristics, aluminum and manganese toxicity, and distribution in India.

Lime requirement and acid soil management — liming materials, methods, and acid-tolerant crops.

Waterlogged soils — causes, impacts, and surface and subsurface drainage.

Calcareous soils — CaCO3 effects on nutrient availability and micronutrient deficiency management.

Contaminated and polluted soils — heavy metals, pesticide residues, and industrial effluents.

Bioremediation and phytoremediation — microbial cleanup, hyperaccumulator plants, and biochar.